Publications
Preprints
Publications
2024
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(2024) Physical Review A. 109, 2, 022242. Abstract
The quantum version of Kramers turnover theory is generalized beyond the parabolic barrier approximation. The result is a uniform instanton-based quantum Kramers turnover theory that does not display any divergence at what is known as the crossover temperature. The theory is analyzed using a model of a particle trapped in a cubic potential. As the temperature is lowered, the maximum in the Kramers turnover curve moves to lower friction values. When the temperature is sufficiently low, the quantum rate at low friction becomes almost independent of the friction strength.
2023
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(2023) Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 25, p. 33198-33202 Abstract
In this Reply, we show that criticisms of perturbation theory for grazing-incidence fast-atom diffraction (GIFAD) are ill-founded. We show explicitly that our formulation (W. Allison, S. Miret-Artés and E. Pollak, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2022, 24, 15851) provides a similar precision in describing the observed phenomena as ab initio potentials. Since that is the main criterion to distinguish between methods, it seems reasonable to conclude that the perturbation approach using a Morse-type potential reproduces the essential aspects of the dynamics correctly. In addition we expand on the historical context and summarize the physical insights provided by our methods.
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(2023) Journal of Chemical Physics. 159, 22, 224107. Abstract
Instanton-based rate theory is a powerful tool that is used to explore tunneling in many-dimensional systems. Yet, it diverges at the so-called “crossover temperature.” Using the uniform semiclassical transmission probability of Kemble [Phys. Rev. 48, 549 (1935)], we showed recently that in one dimension, one might derive a uniform semiclassical instanton rate theory, which has no divergence. In this paper, we generalize this uniform theory to many-dimensional systems. The resulting theory uses the same input as in the previous instanton theory, yet does not suffer from the divergence. The application of the uniform theory to dissipative systems is considered and used to revise Wolynes’ well-known analytical expression for the rate [P. G. Wolynes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 968 (1981)] so that it does not diverge at the “crossover temperature.”
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(2023) Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 14, 44, p. 9892-9899 Abstract
The instanton expression for the thermal transmission probability through a one-dimensional barrier is derived by using the uniform semiclassical energy-dependent transmission coefficient of Kemble. The resulting theory does not diverge at the “crossover temperature” but changes smoothly. The temperature-dependent energy of the instanton is the same as the barrier height when ℏβω‡ = π and not 2π as in the “standard” instanton theory. The concept of a crossover temperature between tunneling and thermal activation, based on the divergence of the instanton rate, is obsolete. The theory is improved by assuring that at high energy when the energy-dependent transmission coefficient approaches unity the integrand decays exponentially as dictated by the Boltzmann factor and not as a Gaussian. This ensures that at sufficiently high temperatures the uniform theory reduces to the classical. Application to Eckart barriers demonstrates that the uniform theory provides a good estimate of the numerically exact result over the whole temperature range.
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(2023) Physical Review A. 108, 3, 036201. Abstract
The central claim of Gavassino and Disconzi [Gavassino and Disconzi, Phys. Rev. A 107, 032209 (2023)2469-992610.1103/PhysRevA.107.032209] that relativistic quantum tunneling is an entirely subluminal process is shown to be incorrect. The Hartman effect can lead to superluminal tunneling, but not to superluminal signaling.
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(2023) ChemPhysChem. e202300272. Abstract
In this short review, we provide an update of recent developments in Kramers’ theory of reaction rates. After a brief introduction stressing the importance of this theory initially developed for chemical reactions, we briefly present the main theoretical formalism starting from the generalized Langevin equation and continue by showing the main points of the modern Pollak, Grabert and Hänggi theory. Kramers’ theory is then sketched for quantum and classical surface diffusion. As an illustration the surface diffusion of Na atoms on a Cu(110) surface is discussed showing escape rates, jump distributions and diffusion coefficients as a function of reduced friction. Finally, some very recent applications of turnover theory to different fields such as nanoparticle levitation, microcavity polariton dynamics and simulation of reaction in liquids are presented. We end with several open problems and future challenges faced up by Kramers turnover theory.
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(2023) Physical Review A. 107, 2, 022203. Abstract
Nine decades after Wigner's formulation of quantum rate theory, his celebrated result was recently generalized to the asymmetric barrier using an exact first-order expansion of the transmission probability in terms of ℏ2. This paper extends the first-order quantum correction to second-order correction of order ℏ4 for the thermally averaged transmission probability through an arbitrary barrier. The derivation employs a systematic expansion of the projection operator onto products and the thermal distribution which involves a Taylor expansion of the potential about the barrier up to eighth order. The resulting exact analytical expression is calibrated with numerical calculations of several model potentials and shows excellent agreement when the ℏ4 term is included. In comparison, the semiclassical transition state theory cannot reproduce the correct ℏ4 terms when the anharmonicity is treated on the level of VPT-4 (vibrational perturbation theory - fourth order) and will potentially need a VPT-6 expansion. Further analysis of the quartic barrier reveals suppressed transmission due to the dominant role of quantum reflection above the barrier. These results not only provide a conceptual framework but can also be applied to heavy atom tunneling and machine learning.
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(2023) Physical review. A. 107, 1, 012204. Abstract
The development of computational resources has made it possible to determine upper bounds for atomic and molecular energies with high precision. Yet, error bounds to the computed energies have been available only as estimates. In this paper, the Pollak-Martinazzo lower-bound theory, in conjunction with correlated Gaussian basis sets, is elaborated and implemented to provide subparts-per-million convergence of the ground and excited-state energies for the He, Li, and Be atoms. The quality of the lower bounds is comparable to that of the upper bounds obtained from the Ritz method. These results exemplify the power of lower bounds to provide tight estimates of atomic energies.
2022
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(2022) The journal of physical chemistry letters. 13, 45, p. 10558-10566 Abstract
Quantum tunneling is known to play an important role in the dynamics of systems with nonadiabatic couplings. However, until recently, the time-domain properties of nonadiabatic scattering have been severely under-explored. Using numerically exact quantum methods, we study the impact that nonadiabatic couplings have on the time it takes to tunnel through a barrier. We find that the Wigner phase time is the appropriate measure to use when determining the tunneling flight time also when considering nonadiabatic systems. The central result of the present study is that in an avoided crossing system in one dimension, the nonadiabatic couplings speed up the tunneling event, relative to the adiabatic case in which all nonadiabatic coupling is ignored. This has implications for both the study of quantum tunneling times and for the field of nonadiabatic scattering and chemistry.
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(2022) Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP. 24, 41, p. 25373-25382 Abstract
Experimentally measured transition path time distributions are usually analyzed theoretically in terms of a diffusion equation over a free energy barrier. It is though well understood that the free energy profile separating the folded and unfolded states of a protein is characterized as a transition through many stable micro-states which exist between the folded and unfolded states. Why is it then justified to model the transition path dynamics in terms of a diffusion equation, namely the Smoluchowski equation (SE)? In principle, van Kampen has shown that a nearest neighbor Markov chain of thermal jumps between neighboring microstates will lead in a continuum limit to the SE, such that the friction coefficient is proportional to the mean residence time in each micro-state. However, the practical question of how many microstates are needed to justify modeling the transition path dynamics in terms of an SE has not been addressed. This is a central topic of this paper where we compare numerical results for transition paths based on the diffusion equation on the one hand and the nearest neighbor Markov jump model on the other. Comparison of the transition path time distributions shows that one needs at least a few dozen microstates to obtain reasonable agreement between the two approaches. Using the Markov nearest neighbor model one also obtains good agreement with the experimentally measured transition path time distributions for a DNA hairpin and PrP protein. As found previously when using the diffusion equation, the Markov chain model used here also reproduces the experimentally measured long time tail and confirms that the transition path barrier height is similar to 3k(B)T. This study indicates that in the future, when attempting to model experimentally measured transition path time distributions, one should perhaps prefer a nearest neighbor Markov model which is well defined also for rough energy landscapes. Such studies can also shed light on the minimal number of microstates needed to unravel the experimental data.
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(2022) The journal of physical chemistry. B. 126, 40, p. 7966-7974 Abstract
Single-molecule experiments have now achieved a time resolution allowing observation of transition paths, the brief trajectory segments where the molecule undergoing an unfolding or folding transition enters the energetically or entropically unfavorable barrier region from the folded/unfolded side and exits to the unfolded/folded side, thereby completing the transition. This resolution, however, is yet insufficient to identify the precise entrance/exit events that mark the beginning and the end of a transition path: the nature of the diffusive dynamics is such that a molecular trajectory will recross the boundary between the barrier region and the folded/unfolded state, multiple times, at a time scale much shorter than that of the typical experimental resolution. Here we use theory and Brownian dynamics simulations to show that, as a result of such recrossings, the apparent transition path times are generally longer than the true ones. We quantify this effect using a simple model where the observed dynamics is a moving average of the true dynamics and discuss experimental implications of our results.
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(2022) The journal of physical chemistry letters. 13, 30, p. 6966-6974 Abstract
Transition path flight times are studied for scattering on two electronic surfaces with a single crossing. These flight times reveal nontrivial quantum effects such as resonance lifetimes and nonclassical passage times and reveal that nonadiabatic effects often increase flight times. The flight times are computed using numerically exact time propagation and compared with results obtained from the Fewest Switches Surface Hopping (FSSH) method. Comparison of the two methods shows that the FSSH method is reliable for transition path times only when the scattering is classically allowed on the relevant adiabatic surfaces. However, where quantum effects such as tunneling and resonances dominate, the FSSH method is not adequate to accurately predict the correct times and transition probabilities. These results highlight limitations in methods which do not account for quantum interference effects, and suggest that measuring flight times is important for obtaining insights from the time-domain into quantum effects in nonadiabatic scattering.
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(2022) The Journal of chemical physics. 157, 7, 074109. Abstract
Ninety years ago, Wigner derived the leading order expansion term in ℏ2 for the tunneling rate through a symmetric barrier. His derivation included two contributions: one came from the parabolic barrier, but a second term involved the fourth-order derivative of the potential at the barrier top. He left us with a challenge, which is answered in this paper, to derive the same but for an asymmetric barrier. A crucial element of the derivation is obtaining the ℏ2 expansion term for the projection operator, which appears in the flux-side expression for the rate. It is also reassuring that an analytical calculation of semiclassical transition state theory (TST) reproduces the anharmonic corrections to the leading order of ℏ2. The efficacy of the resulting expression is demonstrated for an Eckart barrier, leading to the conclusion that especially when considering heavy atom tunneling, one should use the expansion derived in this paper, rather than the parabolic barrier approximation. The rate expression derived here reveals how the classical TST limit is approached as a function of ℏ and, thus, provides critical insights to understand the validity of popular approximate theories, such as the classical Wigner, centroid molecular dynamics, and ring polymer molecular dynamics methods.
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(2022) Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP. 24, 26, p. 15851-15859 Abstract
Recent grazing-incidence, fast atom diffraction (GIFAD) experiments have highlighted the well known observation that the distance between classical rainbow angles depends on the incident energy. The GIFAD experiments imply an incident vertical scattering angle, facilitating an analytic analysis using classical perturbation theory, which leads to the conclusion that the so called “dynamic corrugation” amplitude, as defined by Bocan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2020 125, 096101 is, within first-order perturbation theory, proportional to the tangent of the rainbow angle. Therefore it provides no further information about the interaction than is gleaned from the rainbow angle and its energy dependence. Perhaps more importantly, the resulting analytic theory reveals how the energy dependence of rainbow angles may be inverted into information on the force field governing the interaction of the incident projectile with the surface.
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(2022) The Journal of chemical physics. 156, 24, 244101. Abstract
A coherent state phase space representation of operators, based on the Husimi distribution, is used to derive an exact expression for the symmetrized version of thermal correlation functions. In addition to the time and temperature independent phase space representation of the two operators whose correlation function is of interest, the integrand includes a non-negative distribution function where only one imaginary time and one real time propagation are needed to compute it. The methodology is exemplified for the flux side correlation function used in rate theory. The coherent state representation necessitates the use of a smeared Gaussian flux operator whose coherent state phase space representation is identical to the classical flux expression. The resulting coherent state expression for the flux side correlation function has a number of advantages as compared to previous formulations. Since only one time propagation is needed, it is much easier to converge it with a semiclassical initial value representation. There is no need for forward–backward approximations, and in principle, the computation may be implemented on the fly. It also provides a route for analytic semiclassical approximations for the thermal rate, as exemplified by a computation of the transmission factor through symmetric and asymmetric Eckart barriers using a thawed Gaussian approximation for both imaginary and real time propagations. As a by-product, this example shows that one may obtain “good” tunneling rates using only above barrier classical trajectories even in the deep tunneling regime.
2021
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(2021) Entropy. 23, 12, 1675. Abstract
In this work, our purpose is to show how the symmetry of identical particles can influence the time evolution of free particles in the nonrelativistic and relativistic domains. For this goal, we consider a system of either two distinguishable or indistinguishable (bosons and fermions) particles. Two classes of initial conditions have been studied: different initial locations with the same momenta, and the same locations with different momenta. The flight time distribution of particles arriving at a `screen' is calculated in each case. Fermions display broader distributions as compared with either distinguishable particles or bosons, leading to earlier and later arrivals for all the cases analyzed here. The symmetry of the wave function seems to speed up or slow down propagation of particles. Due to the cross terms, certain initial conditions lead to bimodality in the fermionic case. Within the nonrelativistic domain and when the short-time survival probability is analyzed, if the cross term becomes important, one finds that the decay of the overlap of fermions is faster than for distinguishable particles which in turn is faster than for bosons. These results are of interest in the short time limit since they imply that the well-known quantum Zeno effect would be stronger for bosons than for fermions.Fermions also arrive earlier than bosons when they are scattered by a delta barrier. Furthermore, the particle symmetry does not affect the mean tunneling flight time and it is given by the phase time for the distinguishable particle.
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(2021) Scientific Reports. 11, 23450. Abstract
Ritz eigenvalues only provide upper bounds for the energy levels, while obtaining lower bounds requires at least the calculation of the variances associated with these eigenvalues. The well-known Weinstein and Temple lower bounds based on the eigenvalues and variances converge very slowly and their quality is considerably worse than that of the Ritz upper bounds. Lehmann presented a method that in principle optimizes Temple's lower bounds with significantly improved results. We have recently formulated a Self-Consistent Lower Bound Theory (SCLBT), which improves upon Temple's results. In this paper, we further improve the SCLBT and compare its quality with Lehmann's theory. The Lánczos algorithm for constructing the Hamiltonian matrix simplifies Lehmann's theory and is essential for the SCLBT method. Using two lattice Hamiltonians, we compared the improved SCLBT (iSCLBT) with its previous implementation as well as with Lehmann's lower bound theory. The novel iSCLBT exhibits a significant improvement over the previous version. Both Lehmann's theory and the SCLBT variants provide significantly better lower bounds than those obtained from Weinstein's and Temple's methods. Compared to each other, the Lehmann and iSCLBT theories exhibit similar performance in terms of the quality and convergence of the lower bounds. By increasing the number of states included in the calculations, the lower bounds are tighter and their quality becomes comparable with that of the Ritz upper bounds. Both methods are suitable for providing lower bounds for low-lying excited states as well. Compared to Lehmann's theory, one of the advantages of the iSCLBT method is that it does not necessarily require the Weinstein lower bound for its initial input, but Ritz eigenvalue estimates can also be used. Especially owing to this property the iSCLBT method sometimes exhibits improved convergence compared to that of Lehmann's lower bounds.
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(2021) Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP. 23, 41, p. 23787-23795 Abstract
Recent advances in experimental measurements of transition path time distributions have raised intriguing theoretical questions. The present interpretation of the experimental data indicates a small value of the fitted transition path barrier height as compared to the barrier height of the unfolded to folded transition. Secondly, as shown in this paper, it is essential to analyse the experimental data using absorbing boundary conditions at the end points used to determine the transition paths. Such an analysis reveals long time tails that have thus far eluded quantitative theoretical interpretation. Is this due to uncertainty in the experimental data or does it call for a rethinking of the theoretical interpretation? A detailed study of the transition path time distribution using a diffusive model leads to the following conclusions. a. The present experimental data is not accurate enough to discern between functional forms of bell shaped free energy barriers. b. Long time tails indicate the possible existence of a “trap” in the transition path region. c. The “trap” may be considered as a well in the free energy surface. d. The long time tail is quite sensitive to the form of the trap so that future measurements of the long time tail as a function of the location of the end points of the transition path may make it possible to not only determine the well depth but also to distinguish between different functional forms for the free energy surface. e. Introduction of a well along the transition path leads to good fits with the experimental data provided that the transition path barrier height is ∼3kBT, substantially higher than the estimates of ∼1kBT based on bell shaped functions. The results presented here negate the need of introducing multi-dimensional effects, free energy barrier asymmetry, sub-diffusive memory kernels or systematic ruggedness to explain the experimentally measured data.
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(2021) ACS Physical Chemistry Au. 2, 1, p. 23-37 Abstract
A recently developed lower bound theory for Coulombic problems (E. Pollak, R. Martinazzo, J. Chem. Theory Comput.2021, 17, 1535) is further developed and applied to the highly accurate calculation of the ground-state energy of two- (He, Li+, and H–) and three- (Li) electron atoms. The method has been implemented with explicitly correlated many-particle basis sets of Gaussian type, on the basis of the highly accurate (Ritz) upper bounds they can provide with relatively small numbers of functions. The use of explicitly correlated Gaussians is developed further for computing the variances, and the necessary modifications are here discussed. The computed lower bounds are of submilli-Hartree (parts per million relative) precision and for Li represent the best lower bounds ever obtained. Although not yet as accurate as the corresponding (Ritz) upper bounds, the computed bounds are orders of magnitude tighter than those obtained with other lower bound methods, thereby demonstrating that the proposed method is viable for lower bound calculations in quantum chemistry applications. Among several aspects, the optimization of the wave function is shown to play a key role for both the optimal solution of the lower bound problem and the internal check of the theory.
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(2021) New Journal of Physics. 23, 6, 063044. Abstract
Different approaches for considering barrier crossing times are analyzed, with special emphasis on recent experiments which attempt to measure what is commonly referred to as the Larmor tunneling time. We show that that these experiments cannot reveal the Larmor time, due to the finite energy width of the incident particles. The Larmor time, which measures changes in spin polarization, is classified together with other measurements such as the Buttiker–Landauer oscillating barrier time as indirect measurements of interaction times of scattered particles. In contrast, we present a direct quantum mechanical measure of a barrier crossing time taken to be the difference between the mean flight time for a particle transmitted through a potential barrier incident on a screen and the time it would take to reach the same screen without the barrier. These metrics are asymptotic, in the sense that they infer a time from a measurement after the scattering event is over, whereas other measures like the dwell time are local. Some time measures are well-defined only for incident states which are monochromatic in energy, others are well-defined also for incident wavepackets whose incident energy width is finite. In this paper we compare the different approaches to conclude that only the flight time can be used to answer the provocative (but ultimately ill-posed) question: how much time does it take to tunnel through a barrier?
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(2021) Physical review. A.. 103, 042215. Abstract
The oscillating-barrier model was used by Büttiker and Landauer to determine a “traversal time for tunneling.” The model sets a timescale but is not the physically measured flight time of a wave packet scattered on the oscillating-barrier potential. In this paper we show that the flight time in the limit of a narrow-in-momentum wave packet is given by the reflected phase time associated with the various branches of the scattered particle. This is but another example which establishes that tunneling flight times are a reflection of the Wigner phase times. As such, the oscillating-barrier model does not add any new information about tunneling flight times which has not been elucidated previously using static barrier models.
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(2021) Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 17, 3, p. 1535-1547 Abstract
As of the writing of this paper, lower bounds are not a staple of quantum chemistry computations and for good reason. All previous attempts at applying lower bound theory to Coulombic systems led to lower bounds whose quality was inferior to the Ritz upper bounds so that their added value was minimal. Even our recent improvements upon Temple’s lower bound theory were limited to Lanczos basis sets and these are not available to atoms and molecules due to the Coulomb singularity. In the present paper, we overcome these problems by deriving a rather simple eigenvalue equation whose roots, under appropriate conditions, give lower bounds which are competitive with the Ritz upper bounds. The input for the theory is the Ritz eigenvalues and their variances; there is no need to compute the full matrix of the squared Hamiltonian. Along the way, we present a Cauchy–Schwartz inequality which underlies many aspects of lower bound theory. We also show that within the matrix Hamiltonian theory used here, the methods of Lehmann and our recent self-consistent lower bound theory (J. Chem. Phys.2020,115, 244110) are identical. Examples include implementation to the hydrogen and helium atoms.
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(2021) Tunnelling in Molecules. Kastner J. & Kozuch S.(eds.). p. 399-424 Abstract
How much time does it take for a particle to tunnel through a barrier? This question continues to baffle up to this very day, one of the reasons being the non-existence of an energy-time commutator analogous to the position-momentum commutation relation. Instead of worrying about the definition of an operator one may consider time as a parameter in the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and study the time evolution of a wavepacket appropriately scattered on a potential barrier. Using this approach, one may formally define a tunnelling flight time that may be measured in a time-of-flight experiment. The resulting tunnelling flight time either vanishes or is very small. The implications of this observation with respect to recent hydrogen and helium atom attosecond photoionization experiments are discussed. The vanishing or small flight time does not contradict the finite time measured in Larmor clock experiments, where the tunnelling particle affects an external degree of freedom whose dynamics induced by the tunnelling may be interpreted in terms of a time scale. Flight times are also relevant to quantum reflection where coherences due to resonance scattering are not well accounted for by Wigner's phase time delay.
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(2021) Physical Review A. 103, 1, 012225. Abstract
Using the time parameter in the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we study the time of flight for a particle tunneling through a square barrier potential. Comparing the mean and variance of the energy and the flight time for transmitted and reflected particles, using both density and flux distributions, we find that, when accounting for momentum filtering, the suitably normalized transmitted and reflected distributions are identical in both the density and flux cases. In contrast to previous studies, we demonstrate that these results do not imply a vanishing tunneling time, but rather that the time it takes to tunnel through a square barrier is precisely given by the reflected phase time. For wide barriers, this becomes independent of the barrier width, as predicted independently by MacColl and Hartman. We show that these conclusions can be reached using a variety of arguments, including purely quantum mechanical ones. Analysis of the shapes of the distributions under consideration reveals that wave-packet reshaping is not an explanation for the MacColl-Hartman effect. The results presented here have direct implications for understanding recent experimental results in the study of the barrier crossing of rubidium atoms. The finite width of an incident wave packet significantly "masks"the tunneling time, and induces substantial asymmetry between the flight times of transmitted and reflected atoms.
2020
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(2020) RSC Advances. 10, 57, p. 34681-34689 Abstract
The accurate determination of tunneling splittings in chemistry and physics is an ongoing challenge. However, the widely used variational methods only provide upper bounds for the energy levels, and thus do not give bounds on the gap between them. Here, we show how the self-consistent lower bound theory developed previously can be applied to provide upper and lower bounds for tunneling splitting between symmetric and antisymmetric doublets in a symmetric double-well potential. The tight bounds are due to the very high accuracy of the lower bounds obtained for the energy levels, using the self-consistent lower bound theory. The accuracy of the lower bounds is comparable to that of the Ritz upper bounds. This is the first time that any theory gave upper and lower bounds to tunneling splittings.
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(2020) New Journal of Physics. 22, 9, 093060. Abstract
Wavepacket tunneling, in the relativistic limit, is studied via solutions to the Dirac equation for a square barrier potential. Specifically, the arrival time distribution (the time-dependent flux) is computed for wavepackets initiated far away from the barrier, and whose momentum is well below the threshold for above-barrier transmission. The resulting distributions exhibit peaks at shorter times than those of photons with the same initial wavepacket transmitting through a vacuum. However, this apparent superluminality in time is accompanied by very low transmission probabilities. We discuss these observations, and related observations by other authors, in the context of published objections to the notion that tunneling can be superluminal in time. We find that many of these objections are not consistent with our observations, and conclude that post-selected (for transmission) distributions of arrival times can be superluminal. However, the low probability of tunneling means a photon will most likely be seen first and therefore the superluminality does not imply superluminal signaling.
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(2020) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117, 28, p. 16181-16186 Abstract
The Ritz upper bound to eigenvalues of Hermitian operators is essential for many applications in science. It is a staple of quantum chemistry and physics computations. The lower bound devised by Temple in 1928 [G. Temple, Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 119, 276-293 (1928)] is not, since it converges too slowly. The need for a good lower-bound theorem and algo-rithm cannot be overstated, since an upper bound alone is not sufficient for determining differences between eigenvalues such as tunneling splittings and spectral features. In this paper, after 90 y, we derive a generalization and improvement of Temple's lower bound. Numerical examples based on implementation of the Lanczos tridiagonalization are provided for nontrivial lattice model Hamiltonians, exemplifying convergence over a range of 13 orders of magnitude. This lower bound is typically at least one order of magnitude better than Temple's result. Its rate of convergence is comparable to that of the Ritz upper bound. It is not limited to ground states. These results complement Ritz's upper bound and may turn the computation of lower bounds into a staple of eigenvalue and spectral problems in physics and chemistry.
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(2020) Journal of Chemical Physics. 152, 24, 244110. Abstract
A rigorous practically applicable theory is presented for obtaining lower bounds to eigenvalues of Hermitian operators, whether the ground state or excited states. Algorithms are presented for computing "residual energies" whose magnitude is essential for the computation of the eigenvalues. Their practical application is possible due to the usage of the Lanczos method for creating a tridiagonal representation of the operator under study. The theory is self-consistent, in the sense that a lower bound for one state may be used to improve the lower bounds for others, and this is then used self-consistently until convergence. The theory is exemplified for a toy model of a quartic oscillator, where with only five states the relative error in the lower bound for the ground state is reduced to 6 . 10(-6), which is the same as the relative error of the least upper bound obtained with the same basis functions. The lower bound method presented in this paper suggests that lower bounds may become a staple of eigenvalue computations.
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(2020) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 124, 16, p. 3300-3300 Abstract
The "Addition" by Goldman et al. to their paper "Correct Symmetry Treatment for X + X Reactions..." is in essence a correction of a serious misreading of our 1978 paper "Symmetry Numbers, Not Statistical Factors, Should Be Used in Absolute Rate Theory..." . This misreading led Goldman et al. to accuse us unjustly of major errors in rate theory. Goldman et al. misread us as recommending an additional factor of 2 in their definition of the rate constant. Naturally, error results. We saw neither the original paper by Goldman et al. nor the subsequent "Addition" before publication. Too bad; this misunderstanding could have easily been avoided.
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(2020) Physical Review A. 101, 2, 022506. Abstract
Quantum reflection of thermal He atoms from various surfaces (glass slide, GaAs wafer, flat, and structured Cr) at grazing conditions is studied within the elastic close-coupling formalism. Comparison with the experimental results of Zhao et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 133203 (2010)] is quite reasonable but the conclusions of the present theoretical analysis are different from those discussed in the experimental work. The universal linear behavior observed in the dependence of the reflection probability on the incident wave-vector component perpendicular to the surface is only valid at small values of the component whereas, at larger values, deviation from the linearity is evident, approaching a quadratic dependence at higher values. The surface roughness seems to play no important role in this scattering. Moreover, the claim that one observes a transition from quantum to classical reflection seems to be imprecise.
2019
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(2019) Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 15, 7, p. 4079-4087 Abstract
Ninety years ago Temple (Proc. R. Soc. (London) 1928, A119, 276) derived a lower bound for the ground-state energy. The bound was tested and invariably found to be poor as compared to the upper bound obtained through the Rayleigh Ritz procedure due to the fact that it is based also on the second moment of the Hamiltonian. In this paper we (a) improve upon Temple's lower bound estimate for the overlap squared of the true ground-state wave function with the approximate one and (b) describe in detail and generalize our recent improvement on the Temple lower bound based on utilization of higher-order basis functions derived by the Arnoldi algorithm. Both improvements combined lead to a lower bound on the ground-state energy whose accuracy is better than that of the Temple lower bound. This is exemplified by considering the ground-state energy of a quartic potential where one finds that the improvements lead to a lower bound whose quality is comparable to that of the upper bound. The applicability of the method to atoms and molecules is discussed.
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(2019) Journal of Chemical Physics. 151, 2, 024703. Abstract
The recently improved Pollak, Grabert, and Hanggi (PGH) turnover theory for activated surface diffusion, including finite barrier effects, is extended and studied in the quantum domain. Analytic expressions are presented for the diffusion coefficient, escape rate, hopping distribution, and mean squared path length of particles initially trapped in one of the wells of a periodic potential, moving under the influence of a frictional and Gaussian random force. Tunneling is included by assuming incoherent quantum hopping at temperatures which are above the crossover temperature between deep tunneling and thermal activation. In the improved version of PGH theory as applied to activated surface diffusion, the potential governing the motion of the unstable mode remains periodic but with a scaled mass which increases with the friction strength. Application of the theory to a periodic cosine potential demonstrates that in the weak damping regime quantum diffusion is slower than classical diffusion due to above barrier quantum reflection which significantly shortens the mean squared path length as compared to the classical result. Finite barrier corrections increase this quantum suppression of diffusion or, equivalently, the inverse isotope effect, whereby the diffusion is faster for a heavier mass. Published under license by AIP Publishing.
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(2019) Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 15, 3, p. 1498-1502 Abstract
The Arnoldi iterative method for determining eigenvalues is based on the observation that the effect of operating with the Hamiltonian on a vector may be expressed as a sum of parallel and perpendicular contributions. This identity is used here to improve the previous lower-bound estimate of the ground-state energy by Temple, derived 90 years ago [Temple. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 1928, A119, 276]. The significantly improved lower bound is exemplified by considering a quartic and a Morse potential. The lower bound is valid for any Hermitian operator whose discrete spectrum is bounded from below.
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(2019) Physical Review A. 99, 1, 012108. Abstract
Time averaging of weak values using the quantum transition path time probability distribution enables us to establish a general uncertainty relation for the weak values of two not necessarily Hermitian operators. This new relation is a weak value analog of the Schrodinger strong value uncertainty relation. It leads to the conclusion that it is possible to determine with high accuracy the simultaneous mean weak values of noncommuting operators by judicious choice of the pre- and postselected states even when the postselected state is not an eigenfunction of one of the respective operators. When the time fluctuations of the two weak values are proportional to each other there is no uncertainty limitation on their variances and, in principle, their means can be determined with arbitrary precision even though their corresponding operators do not commute. To exemplify these properties we consider specific weak value uncertainty relations for the time-energy, coordinate-momentum, and coordinate-kinetic-energy pairs. In addition we analyze spin operators and the Stern-Gerlach experiment in weak and strong inhomogeneous magnetic fields. This classic case leads to anomalous spin values when the field is weak. The weak value uncertainty relation implies that anomalous spin values are associated with large variances so that their measurement demands increased signal averaging. These examples establish the importance of considering the time dependence of weak values in scattering experiments.
2018
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(2018) Physical Review A. 98, 6, 063604. Abstract
Quantum reflection is a universal property of atoms and molecules when scattered from surfaces in ultracold collisions. Recent experimental work has documented the quantum reflection and diffraction of He atoms, dimers, trimers, and neon atoms when reflected from a grating. Conditions for the observation of emerging beam resonances have been discussed and measured. In this paper, we provide a theoretical simulation of the quantum reflection from a grating for those systems. We confirm the universal dependence on the incident de Broglie wavelength with the threshold angles where the emerging beam resonances are observed. However, the angular dependence of the reflection efficiencies, that is, the ratio of scattered intensity into specific diffraction channels relative to the total intensity is found to be dependent on the details of the particle surface interaction.
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(2018) Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 14, 10, p. 5310-5323 Abstract
The vibronic absorption spectrum of the electric dipole forbidden and vibronically allowed S1(1 A2) ← S0(1 A1) transition of formaldehyde is calculated by Gaussian wavepacket and semiclassical methods, along with numerically exact reference calculations, using the potential energy surface of Fu, Shepler, and Bowman ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 7957). Specifically, the variational multiconfigurational Gaussian (vMCG) approach and the Herman-Kluk semiclassical initial value representation (HK-SCIVR) are compared to assess the accuracy and convergence of these methods, benchmarked against numerically exact time-dependent wavepacket propagation (TDWP) on the reference potential energy surface. The vMCG calculation is shown to converge quite well with about 100 variationally evolving Gaussian functions and using a local cubic expansion instead of the conventional local harmonic approximation. By contrast, the HK-SCIVR approach with ∼105 trajectories reproduces the vibrationally structured spectral envelope correctly but yields a strongly broadened spectrum. The comparison of the computed absorption spectrum with experiment shows that the relevant vibronic progressions are reasonably reproduced by all computations, but deviations of the order of 10-100 cm-1 occur, underscoring that both electronic structure calculations and dynamical approaches remain challenging in the calculation of typical small-molecule excited-state spectra by trajectory-based methods.
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(2018) Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 9, 20, p. 6066-6071 Abstract
Kramers's original paper on the diffusion model of chemical reactions was based on the consideration that only the barrier region determines the outcome of transmission over a barrier. Subsequently it became understood that Kramers's approach was identical to variational transition state theory (VTST) and as such used only thermodynamic information. Here, using Kramers's philosophy in conjunction with perturbation theory and the realization that the dynamics which is rate-determining usually occurs in the vicinity of the transition state leads to a novel stochastic rate theory in which the momentum change induced by the medium is the stochastic variable. A first successful application of the theory is to the old and challenging problem of motion over a cusped barrier. This has implications for the study of transition path time distributions as well as the theory of tunneling via nonadiabatic coupling.
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(2018) Physical Review A. 98, 4, 042112. Abstract
Weak values have been shown to be helpful especially when considering them as the outcomes of weak measurements. In this paper we show that, in principle, the real and imaginary parts of the weak value of any operator may be elucidated from expectation values of suitably defined density, flux, and Hermitian commutator operators. Expectation values are the outcomes of strong (projective) measurements, implying that weak values are general properties of operators in association with pre- and postselection and they need not be preferentially associated with weak measurements. They should be considered as an important measurable property which provides added information compared with the "standard" diagonal expectation value of an operator. As the first specific example we consider the determination of the real and imaginary parts of the weak value of the momentum operator employing projective time-of-flight experiments. Then the results are analyzed from the point of view of Bohmian mechanics. Finally, we consider recent neutron interferometry experiments used to determine the weak values of the neutron spin.
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(2018) The Journal of chemical physics. 149, 16, 164114. Abstract
Scattering through a double slit potential is one of the most fundamental problems in quantum mechanics. It is well understood that due to the superposition of amplitudes, one observes a spatial interference pattern in the scattered wavefunction reflecting the superposition of amplitudes coming from both slits. However, the effect of the double slit on the mean time it takes to traverse the slit has not been considered previously. Using a transition path time formalism, we show that when a single Gaussian wavepacket is scattered through a double slit potential, one finds not only oscillations in the scattered density resulting from the spatial interference created by the splitting of the wavepacket but also an oscillatory pattern in the mean scattering time. Long times are associated with low values of a suitably defined momentum, and short times with higher values. The double slit thus serves as a momentum filtering device. We also find an interference pattern in the time averaged momentum weak value profile of the scattered particle implying that the double slit also acts as a weak momentum filter. These results not only demonstrate the value of considering transition path time distributions in their quantum mechanical context but also present a challenge to semiclassical approximations-can they account for temporal interference? Published by AIP Publishing.
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(2018) New Journal of Physics. 20, 073016. Abstract
Using the quantum transition path time probability distribution we show that time averaging of weak values leads to unexpected results. We prove a weak value time-energy uncertainty principle and time-energy commutation relation. We also find that time averaging allows one to predict in advance the momentum of a particle at a post selected point in space with accuracy greater than the limit of h/2 as dictated by the uncertainty principle. This comes at a cost-it is not possible at the same time to predict when the particle will arrive at the post selected point. A specific example is provided for one dimensional scattering from a square barrier.
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(2018) Physical Review A. 97, 4, 042102. Abstract
Quantum threshold reflection is a well-known quantum phenomenon which prescribes that at threshold, except for special circumstances, a quantum particle scattering from any potential, even if attractive at long range, will be reflected with unit probability. In the past, this property had been associated with the so-called badlands region of the potential, where the semiclassical description of the scattering fails due to a rapid spatial variation of the de Broglie wavelength. This badlands region occurs far from the strong interaction region of the potential and has therefore been used to "explain" the quantum reflection phenomenon. In this paper we show that the badlands region of the interaction potential is immaterial. The extremely long wavelength of the scattered particle at threshold is much longer than the spatial extension of the badlands region, which therefore does not affect the scattering. For this purpose, we review and generalize the proof for the existence of quantum threshold reflection to stress that it is only a consequence of continuity and boundary conditions. The nonlocal character of the scattering implies that the whole interaction potential is involved in the phenomenon. We then provide a detailed numerical study of the threshold scattering of a particle by a Morse potential and an Eckart potential, especially in the time domain. We compare exact quantum computations with incoherent results obtained from a classical Wigner approximation. This study shows that close to threshold the time-dependent amplitude of the scattered particle is negligible in the badlands region and is the same whether the potential has a reflecting wall as in the Morse potential or a steplike structure as in the Eckart smooth step potential. The mean flight time of the particle is not shortened due to a local reflection from the badlands region or due to the lower density of the wave function at short distances. This study should serve to definitely rule out the badlands region as a qualitative guide to the properties of quantum threshold reflection.
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(2018) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 122, 14, p. 3563-3571 Abstract
The time it takes a particle to tunnel through the asymmetric Eckart barrier potential is investigated using Gaussian wavepackets, where the barrier serves as a model for the potential along a chemical reaction coordinate. We have previously shown that the, in principle experimentally measurable, tunneling flight time, which determines the time taken by the transmitted particle to traverse the barrier, vanishes for symmetric potentials like the Eckart and square barrier [Petersen, J.; Pollak, E. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2017, 9, 4017]. Here we show that the same result is obtained for the asymmetric Eckart barrier potential, and therefore, the zero tunneling flight time seems to be a general result for one-dimensional time-independent potentials. The wavepacket dynamics is simulated using both an exact quantum mechanical method and a classical Wigner prescription. The excellent agreement between the two methods shows that quantum coherences are not important in pure one-dimensional tunneling and reinforces the conclusion that the tunneling flight time vanishes.
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(2018) Journal of Chemical Physics. 148, 7, 074111. Abstract
The quantum phenomenon of above barrier reflection is investigated from a time-dependent perspective using Gaussian wavepackets. The transition path time distribution, which in principle is experimentally measurable, is used to study the mean flight times R and T associated with the reflection and the transmission over the barrier paying special attention to their dependence on the width of the barrier. Both flight times, and their difference Delta t, exhibit two distinct regimes depending on the ratio of the spatial width of the incident wavepacket and the length of the barrier. When the ratio is larger than unity, the reflection and transmission dynamics are coherent and dominated by the resonances above the barrier. The flight times (R/T) and the flight time difference Delta t oscillate as a function of the barrier width (almost in phase with the transmission probability). These oscillations reflect a momentum filtering effect related to the coherent superposition of the reflected and transmitted waves. For a ratio less than unity, the barrier reflection and transmission dynamics are incoherent and the oscillations are absent. The barrier width which separates the coherent and incoherent regimes is identified analytically. The oscillatory structure of the time difference Delta t as a function of the barrier width in the coherent regime is absent when considered in terms of the Wigner phase time delays for reflection and transmission. We conclude that the Wigner phase time does not correctly describe the temporal properties of above barrier reflection. We also find that the structure of the reflected and transmitted wavepackets depends on the coherence of the process. In the coherent regime, the wavepackets can have an overlapping peak structure, but the peaks are not fully resolved. In the incoherent regime, the wavepackets split in time into distinct separated Gaussian like waves, each one reflecting the number of times the wavepacket crosses the barrier region before exiting. A classical Wigner approximation, using classical trajectories which upon reaching an edge of the barrier are reflected or transmitted as if the edge was a step potential, is quantitative in the incoherent regime. The implications of the coherence observed on resonance reactive scattering are discussed.
2017
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(2017) Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 8, 17, p. 4017-4022 Abstract
Attosecond ionization experiments have not resolved the question "What is the tunneling time?". Different definitions of tunneling time lead to different results. Second, a zero tunneling time for a material particle suggests that the nonrelativistic theory includes speeds greater than the speed of light. Chemical reactions, occurring via tunneling, should then not be considered in terms of a nonrelativistic quantum theory calling into question quantum dynamics computations on tunneling reactions. To answer these questions, we define a new experimentally measurable paradigm, the tunneling flight time, and show that it vanishes for scattering through an Eckart or a square barrier, irrespective of barrier length or height, generalizing the Hartman effect. We explain why this result does not lead to experimental measurement of speeds greater than the speed of light. We show that this tunneling is an incoherent process by comparing a classical Wigner theory with exact quantum mechanical computations.
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(2017) Physical Review A. 95, 4, 42108. Abstract
The transition-path-time distribution is formalized for quantum systems and applied to a number of examples. Using a symmetrized thermal density, transition times are studied for the free particle, a delta-function potential, a square-barrier potential, and symmetric-double-well dynamics at very low temperature. These studies exemplify extreme nonlocality for motion in delta-function potentials, vanishing tunneling times for the square-barrier potential, and varying transit times in the symmetric-double-well potential. In all cases, there are regions where the longer the distance traversed, the shorter the mean transit time is. For the thermal density correlation functions studied here, the Hartman effect exemplifies itself through the independence of the transit time on the barrier height. However, due to the thermal distribution, the transit time does depend on the barrier width, initially decreasing with increasing width but then increasing again.
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(2017) Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 8, 5, p. 1009-1013 Abstract
The quantum reflection measured previously by Zhao et al. (Phys. Rev. A 2008, 78, 010902(R)) for the scattering of He atoms off of a microstructured grating is described and analyzed theoretically. Using the close-coupling formalism with a complex absorbing potential and describing the long-range interaction in terms of the Casimir-van der Waals potential, we find probabilities and diffraction patterns that are in fairly good agreement with the experimental results. The central outcomes of this study are two-fold. First is the theoretical confirmation that, indeed, the phenomenon of quantum reflection may be detected not only through the elastic peak but also in terms of a quantum reflected diffraction pattern. Second, we demonstrate that the phenomenon of quantum reflection is the result of a coherent process where all of the potential regions are involved on an equal footing. It is a nonlocal property and cannot be related only to the long-range badlands region of the potential of interaction.
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(2017) Physical Review Letters. 118, 7, 070401. Abstract
A quantum mechanical transition path time probability distribution is formulated and its properties are studied using a parabolic barrier potential model. The average transit time is well defined and readily calculated. It is smaller than the analogous classical mechanical average transit time, vanishing at the crossover temperature. It provides a direct route for determining tunneling times. The average time may be also used to define a coarse grained momentum of the system for the passage from one side of the barrier to the other. The product of the uncertainty in this coarse grained momentum with the uncertainty in the location of the particle is shown under certain conditions to be smaller than the. h/2 formal uncertainty limit. The model is generalized to include friction in the form of a bilinear interaction with a harmonic bath. Using an Ohmic friction model one finds that increasing the friction, increases the transition time. Only moderate values of the reduced friction coefficient are needed for the quantum transition time and coarse grained uncertainty to approach the classical limit which is smaller than. h/2 when the friction is not too small. These results show how one obtains classical dynamics from a pure quantum system without invoking any further assumptions, approximations, or postulates.
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(2017) Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 8, 2, p. 352-356 Abstract
The standard approaches to tunneling times are replaced by considering time correlation functions. A class of correlation functions that is always positive is identified and used to define quantum mechanical transition time probability distributions. The formalism is used to study the quantum dynamics of a thermal position correlation function of a parabolic barrier Hamiltonian. The transition time probability distribution between two points distributed symmetrically about the barrier top shifts to shorter times as the temperature is reduced and tunneling is increased. A study of the mean transition time as a function of the distance between the center of the initial and final densities shows that when the temperature is sufficiently low and tunneling dominates the dynamics, increasing the length of the path traversed decreases the mean transition time. The introduction of friction to the dynamics does not "destroy" this phenomenon, except when the friction coefficient is very large.
2016
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(2016) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 120, 28, p. 5446-5456 Abstract
This year we celebrate the 80th anniversary of the Landau-Teller model for energy exchange in a collinear collision of an atom with a harmonic diatomic molecule. Even after 80 years though, the analytic theory to date has not included in it the back influence of the oscillator's motion on the energy transfer between the approaching particle and the molecule. This is the topic of the present paper. The back-influence can be obtained by employing classical second-order perturbation theory. The second-order theory is used in both a classical and semiclassical context. Classically, analytic expressions are derived for the final phase and action of the diatom, after the collision. The energy loss of the atom is shown to decrease linearly with the increasing energy of the oscillator. The magnitude of this decrease is a direct consequence of the back-reaction of the oscillator on the translational motion. The qualitative result is universal, in the sense that it is not dependent on the details of the interaction of the atom with the oscillator. A numerical application to a model collision of an Ar atom with a Br-2 diatom demonstrates the importance and accuracy of the second-order perturbation theory. The same results are then used to derive a second-order perturbation theory semiclassical expression for the quantum transition probability from initial vibrational state n(i) to final vibrational state n(f) of the oscillator. A comparison of the theory with exact quantum data is presented for a model collision of Br-2 with a hydrogen molecule, where the hydrogen molecule is considered as a single approaching particle.
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(2016) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 120, 19, p. 3155-3164 Abstract
Kramers' turnover theory as derived by Pollak, Grabert, and Hanggi (PGH) suffers from a few drawbacks. First, the energy loss in PGH theory is not a monotonic function of the friction. Second, the theory is not applicable to surface diffusion, because the effective potential for the system does not conserve the periodicity of the potential. Third, when the reduced barrier height is low, it is rather inaccurate. In this paper, we present a modification of PGH theory that alleviates these drawbacks. We also introduce a finite barrier correction term which takes into consideration that the energy interval of the escaping particle is bounded from below. The resulting theory is tested for motion on a cubic potential and relatively low reduced barriers.
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(2016) Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 18, 41, p. 28872-28882 Abstract
The recent experimental measurement of the transition path time distributions of proteins presents several challenges to theory. Firstly, why do the fits of the experimental data to a theoretical expression lead to barrier heights which are much lower than the free energies of activation of the observed transitions? Secondly, there is the theoretical question of determining the transition path time distribution, without invoking the Smoluchowski limit. In this paper, we derive an exact expression for a transition path time distribution which is valid for arbitrary memory friction using the normal mode transformation which underlies Kramers' rate theory. We then recall that for low barriers, there is a noticeable difference between the transition path time distribution obtained with absorbing boundary conditions and free boundary conditions. For the former, the transition times are shorter, since recrossings of the boundaries are disallowed. As a result, if one uses the distribution based on absorbing boundary conditions to fit the experimental data, one will find that the transition path barrier will be larger than the values found based on a theory with free boundary conditions. We then introduce the paradigm of a transition path barrier height, and show that one should always expect it to be much smaller than the activation energy.
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(2016) Faraday Discussions. 195, p. 111-138 Abstract
Kramers' turnover theory, based on the dynamics of the collective unstable normal mode (also known as PGH theory), is extended to the motion of a particle on a periodic potential interacting bilinearly with a dissipative harmonic bath. This is achieved by considering the small parameter of the problem to be the deviation of the collective bath mode from its value along the reaction coordinate, defined by the unstable normal mode. With this change, the effective potential along the unstable normal mode remains periodic, albeit with a renormalized mass, or equivalently a renormalized lattice length. Using second order classical perturbation theory, this not only enables the derivation of the hopping rates and the diffusion coefficient, but also the derivation of finite barrier corrections to the theory. The analytical results are tested against numerical simulation data for a simple cosine potential, ohmic friction, and different reduced barrier heights.
2015
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(2015) Journal of Chemical Physics. 143, 22, 224114. Abstract
One of the challenges facing on-the-fly ab initio semiclassical time evolution is the large expense needed to converge the computation. In this paper, we suggest that a significant saving in computational effort may be achieved by employing a semiclassical initial value representation (SCIVR) of the quantum propagator based on the Heisenberg interaction representation. We formulate and test numerically a modification and simplification of the previous semiclassical interaction representation of Shao and Makri [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 3681 (2000)]. The formulation is based on the wavefunction form of the semiclassical propagation instead of the operator form, and so is simpler and cheaper to implement. The semiclassical interaction representation has the advantage that the phase and prefactor vary relatively slowly as compared to the "standard" SCIVR methods. This improves its convergence properties significantly. Using a one-dimensional model system, the approximation is compared with Herman-Kluk's frozen Gaussian and Heller's thawed Gaussian approximations. The convergence properties of the interaction representation approach are shown to be favorable and indicate that the interaction representation is a viable way of incorporating on-the-fly force field information within a semiclassical framework. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2015) The Journal of chemical physics. 143, 17, p. 179901-179901 Abstract
We have discovered a numerical error in the plots of Fig. 6 in the original paper (panels (a) and (b)).1 The correct result is presented in Fig. 6. The corrected figure does not impact any of the conclusions of the paper.figureFIG. 6. The 2 dimensional (panel (a)) and 3 dimensional (panel (b)) quantum (diffractive-black line) and classical Wigner (red circles) angular distributions associated with the scattering along the [100] surface direction.
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(2015) Journal of Chemical Physics. 143, 10, 104104. Abstract
Originally, the challenge of solving Kramers' turnover theory was limited to Ohmic friction, or equivalently, motion of the escaping particle governed by a Langevin equation. Mel'nikov and Meshkov [J. Chem. Phys. 85, 1018 (1986)] (MM) presented a solution valid for Ohmic friction. The turnover theory was derived more generally and for memory friction by Pollak, Grabert, and Hanggi [J. Chem. Phys. 91, 4073 (1989)] (PGH). Mel'nikov proceeded to also provide finite barrier corrections to his theory [Phys. Rev. E 48, 3271 (1993)]. Finite barrier corrections were derived only recently within the framework of PGH theory [E. Pollak and R. Ianconescu, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 154108 (2014)]. A comprehensive comparison between MM and PGH theories including finite barrier corrections and using Ohmic friction showed that the two methods gave quantitatively similar results and were in quantitative agreement with numerical simulation data. In the present paper, we extend the study of the turnover theories to exponential memory friction. By comparing with numerical simulation, we find that PGH theory is rather accurate, even in the strong friction long memory time limit, while MM theory fails. However, inclusion of finite barrier corrections to PGH theory leads to failure in this limit. The long memory time invalidates the fundamental assumption that consecutive traversals of the well are independent of each other. Why PGH theory without finite barrier corrections remains accurate is a puzzle. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2015) Journal of Chemical Physics. 143, 1, 14705. Abstract
In-plane two and three dimensional diffraction patterns are computed for the vertical scattering of an Ar atom from a frozen LiF(100) surface. Suitable collimation of the incoming wavepacket serves to reveal the quantum mechanical diffraction. The interaction potential is based on a fit to an ab initio potential calculated using density functional theory with dispersion corrections. Due to the potential coupling found between the two horizontal surface directions, there are noticeable differences between the quantum angular distributions computed for two and three dimensional scattering. The quantum results are compared to analogous classical Wigner computations on the same surface and with the same conditions. The classical dynamics largely provides the envelope for the quantum diffractive scattering. The classical results also show that the corrugation along the [110] direction of the surface is smaller than along the [100] direction, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations of unimodal and bimodal scattering for the [110] and [100] directions, respectively. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2015) Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 119, 26, p. 14532-14541 Abstract
A second-order semiclassical perturbation theory is developed and applied to the elastic scattering of an atom from a corrugated surface. Analytical expressions for the diffraction pattern in the momentum space are obtained based on a sine corrugation function and a Morse potential for the interaction of the particle with the surface. The theory is implemented for a model of the in-plane scattering of Ar atoms from a LiF(100) surface. The resulting diffraction intensities are compared with second-order perturbation theory classical distributions and close-coupling results for two incident energies of 300 and 700 meV. The previous first-order perturbation theory predicts a symmetric diffraction pattern about the elastic peak, while the second-order semiclassical perturbation theory accounts correctly for the asymmetry in the diffraction pattern.
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(2015) Journal of Chemical Physics. 142, 17, 174102. Abstract
The semiclassical perturbation theory of Hubbard and Miller [J. Chem. Phys. 80, 5827 (1984)] is further developed to include the full multi-phonon transitions in atom-surface scattering. A practically applicable expression is developed for the angular scattering distribution by utilising a discretized bath of oscillators, instead of the continuum limit. At sufficiently low surface temperature good agreement is found between the present multi-phonon theory and the previous one-, and two-phonon theory derived in the continuum limit in our previous study [Daon, Pollak, and Miret-Artes, J. Chem. Phys. 137, 201103 (2012)]. The theory is applied to the measured angular distributions of Ne, Ar, and Kr scattered from a Cu(111) surface. We find that the present multi-phonon theory substantially improves the agreement between experiment and theory, especially at the higher surface temperatures. This provides evidence for the importance of multi-phonon transitions in determining the angular distribution as the surface temperature is increased. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
2014
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(2014) Journal of Chemical Physics. 141, 23, Abstract
The dissipative harmonic oscillator is studied as a model for vibrational relaxation in a liquid environment. Continuum limit expressions are derived for the time-dependent average energy, average width of the population, and the vibrational population itself. The effect of the magnitude of the solute-solvent interaction, expressed in terms of a friction coefficient, solvent temperature, and initial energy of the oscillator on the relaxation has been studied. These results shed light on the recent femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering probe of the 1570 cm(-1) -C=C- stretching mode of trans-Stilbene in the first (S-1) excited electronic state. When the oscillator is initially cold with respect to the bath temperature, its average energy and width increase in time. When it is initially hot, the average energy and width decrease with time in qualitative agreement with the experimental observations. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2014) Journal of Chemical Physics. 140, 15, 154108. Abstract
Kramers [Physica 7, 284 (1940)], in his seminal paper, derived expressions for the rate of crossing a barrier in the underdamped limit of weak friction and the moderate to strong friction limit. The challenge of obtaining a uniform expression for the rate, valid for all damping strengths is known as Kramers turnover theory. Two different solutions have been presented. Mel'nikov and Meshkov [J. Chem. Phys. 85, 1018 (1986)] (MM) considered the motion of the particle, treating the friction as a perturbation parameter. Pollak, Grabert, and H nggi [J. Chem. Phys. 91, 4073 (1989)] (PGH), considered the motion along the unstable mode which is separable from the bath in the barrier region. In practice, the two theories differ in the way an energy loss parameter is estimated. In this paper, we show that previous numerical attempts to resolve the quality of the two approaches were incomplete and that at least for a cubic potential with Ohmic friction, the quality of agreement of both expressions with numerical simulation is similar over a large range of friction strengths and temperatures. Mel'nikov [Phys. Rev. E 48, 3271 (1993)], in a later paper, improved his theory by introducing finite barrier corrections. In this paper we note that previous numerical tests of the finite barrier corrections were also incomplete. They did not employ the exact rate expression, but a harmonic approximation to it. The central part of this paper, is to include finite barrier corrections also within the PGH formalism. Tests on a cubic potential demonstrate that finite barrier corrections significantly improve the agreement of both MM and PGH theories when compared with numerical simulations. c 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2014) Physical Review A. 89, 3, 32104. Abstract
Several approaches to the semiclassical dynamics of fermions have been proposed in the past. The main subject under discussion was the inclusion of the Pauli principle, i.e., the fact that two electrons with parallel spins must be in orthogonal states. In the past, this was sometimes achieved by adding repulsive Pauli potentials or by using antisymmetric trial states. In this article we show that (a) the use of semiclassical propagators based on classical trajectories is sufficient to account for the Pauli principle, but (b) a semiclassical wave-function approach is not satisfactory.
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(2014) Journal of Chemical Physics. 140, 1, Abstract
We propose a semi-phenomenological Markovian Master equation for describing the quantum dynamics of atom-surface scattering. It embodies the Lindblad-like structure and can describe both damping and pumping of energy between the system and the bath. It preserves positivity and correctly accounts for the vanishing of the interaction of the particle with the surface when the particle is distant from the surface. As a numerical test, we apply it to a model of an Ar atom scattered from a LiF surface, allowing for interaction only in the vertical direction. At low temperatures, we find that the quantum mechanical average energy loss is smaller than the classical energy loss. The numerical results obtained from the space dependent friction master equation are compared with numerical simulations for a discretized bath, using the multi-configurational time dependent Hartree methodology. The agreement between the two simulations is quantitative. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2014) Journal of Chemical Physics. 140, 2, Abstract
A second order classical perturbation theory is developed and applied to elastic atom corrugated surface scattering. The resulting theory accounts for experimentally observed asymmetry in the final angular distributions. These include qualitative features, such as reduction of the asymmetry in the intensity of the rainbow peaks with increased incidence energy as well as the asymmetry in the location of the rainbow peaks with respect to the specular scattering angle. The theory is especially applicable to "soft" corrugated potentials. Expressions for the angular distribution are derived for the exponential repulsive and Morse potential models. The theory is implemented numerically to a simplified model of the scattering of an Ar atom from a LiF(100) surface. (C) 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
2013
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(2013) Journal of Chemical Physics. 139, 15, 154311. Abstract
Internal conversion is an inherently quantum mechanical process. To date, "ab initio" computation of internal conversion rates was limited to harmonic based approximations. These are questionable since the typical transition to the ground electronic state occurs at energies which are far from the harmonic limit. It is thus of interest to study the applicability of the Semiclassical Initial Value Representation (SCIVR) approach which is in principle amenable to "on the fly" studies even with "many" degrees of freedom. In this work we apply the Herman-Kluk-SCIVR methodology to compute the internal conversion rates for formaldehyde for a variety of initial vibronic states. The SCIVR computation gives reasonable agreement with experiment, while the harmonic approximation typically gives rates that are too high. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2013) Journal of Chemical Physics. 139, 4, 044707. Abstract
A density functional theory with dispersion corrections is used to study the scattering of an Ar atom on the LiF(100) surface. On the fly classical trajectories are propagated to study the in-plane angular and energy loss distributions of the scattered Ar atom. The computations are carried out for a frozen surface and a surface in which the crystal atoms are initially at T = 0 K. Two dimensional as well as three dimensional computations are presented. We find that the results agree qualitatively with measured experimental results. These computations show the impact of three dimensional effects on the scattering such as narrowing of the angular distance between rainbow peaks and inversion of asymmetry properties of the angular distribution. The computations also reaffirm the prediction that one should observe energy loss rainbows in the scattering of Ar from the LiF(100) surface. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2013) Journal of Chemical Physics. 139, 1, 011101. Abstract
Trans-stilbene in n-hexane is excited with excess vibrational energy in the range 0-7000 cm(-1). In the excited electronic state, the Raman linewidth of the ethylenic C=C stretching mode at 1570 cm(-1) is followed with similar to 100 fs time resolution. Upon excitation with substantial excess energy, the width of the peak is initially broad and then narrows within a few picoseconds, as observed previously by Iwata and Hamaguchi [Chem. Phys. Lett. 196, 462 (1992)]. This narrowing is understood as being caused by cooling of the initially hot molecule, by the surrounding solvent. In this Communication, we report that upon excitation without excess energy, the width is initially relatively narrow and then broadens on a picosecond time scale. The broadening is attributed to heating of the molecule by solvent collisions. It follows that the nascent population in the excited electronic state is cold as compared with the solvent. Such reduction of the initial vibrational energy may affect the rate for the subsequent photoreaction, especially in the absence of the solvent. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
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(2013) Journal of Chemical Physics. 138, 16, 164116. Abstract
The Kramers turnover problem, that is, obtaining a uniform expression for the rate of escape of a particle over a barrier for any value of the external friction was solved in the 1980s. Two formulations were given, one by Mel'nikov and Meshkov (MM) [V. I. Mel'nikov and S. V. Meshkov, J. Chem. Phys. 85, 1018 (1986)], which was based on a perturbation expansion for the motion of the particle in the presence of friction. The other, by Pollak, Grabert, and Hanggi (PGH) [E. Pollak, H. Grabert, and P. Hanggi, J. Chem. Phys. 91, 4073 (1989)], valid also for memory friction, was based on a perturbation expansion for the motion along the collective unstable normal mode of the particle. Both theories did not take into account the temperature dependence of the average energy loss to the bath. Increasing the bath temperature will reduce the average energy loss. In this paper, we analyse this effect, using a novel perturbation theory. We find that within the MM approach, the thermal energy gained from the bath diverges, the average energy gain becomes infinite implying an essential failure of the theory. Within the PGH approach increasing the bath temperature reduces the average energy loss but only by a finite small amount of the order of the inverse of the reduced barrier height. Then, this does not seriously affect the theory. Analysis and application for a cubic potential and Ohmic friction are presented. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.
2012
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(2012) Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 116, 43, p. 12966-12971 Abstract
Experiments in recent years have shown that there is a large kinetic isotope effect in the rate of transfer of hydrogen or deuterium in enzymatic reactions of soybean lipoxygenase-1. The kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is only weakly temperature dependent but varies significantly in the presence of mutants whose functional groups are located rather far from the reaction center. In this paper we suggest that variational transition state theory as applied to dissipative systems, above the crossover temperature between deep tunneling and thermal activation, may be used as a paradigm for understanding the dynamics of these reactions. We find that the theory fits the experimental data rather well. The effects of different mutants are readily interpreted in terms of the friction they exert on the reaction center. Increasing the distal functional group increases the friction and thus lowers the kinetic isotope effect.
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(2012) Journal of Chemical Physics. 137, 20, 201103. Abstract
Inspired by the semiclassical perturbation theory of Hubbard and Miller [J. Chem. Phys. 80, 5827 (1984)], we derive explicit expressions for the angular distribution of particles scattered from thermal surfaces. At very low surface temperature, the observed experimental background scattering is proportional to the spectral density of the phonons. The angular distribution is a sum of diffraction peaks and a broad background reflecting the spectral density. The theory is applied to measured angular distributions of Ne, Ar, and Kr scattered from a Cu(111) surface. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4768227]
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(2012) Surface Science Reports. 67, 8-Jul, p. 161-200 Abstract
The scattering of heavy atoms and molecules from surfaces is oftentimes dominated by classical mechanics. A large body of experiments have gathered data on the angular distributions of the scattered species, their energy loss distribution, sticking probability, dependence on surface temperature and more. For many years these phenomena have been considered theoretically in the framework of the "washboard model" in which the interaction of the incident particle with the surface is described in terms of hard wall potentials. Although this class of models has helped in elucidating some of the features it left open many questions such as: true potentials are clearly not hard wall potentials, it does not provide a realistic framework for phonon scattering, and it cannot explain the incident angle and incident energy dependence of rainbow scattering, nor can it provide a consistent theory for sticking. In recent years we have been developing a classical perturbation theory approach which has provided new insight into the dynamics of atom-surface scattering. The theory includes both surface corrugation as well as interaction with surface phonons in terms of harmonic baths which are linearly coupled to the system coordinates. This model has been successful in elucidating many new features of rainbow scattering in terms of frictions and bath fluctuations or noise. It has also given new insight into the origins of asymmetry in atomic scattering from surfaces. New phenomena deduced from the theory include friction induced rainbows, energy loss rainbows, a theory of super-rainbows, and more. In this review we present the classical theory of atom-surface scattering as well as extensions and implications for semiclassical scattering and the further development of a quantum theory of surface scattering. Special emphasis is given to the inversion of scattering data into information on the particle-surface interactions. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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(2012) Journal of Chemical Physics. 136, 20, Abstract
The semiclassical perturbation theory formalism of Hubbard and Miller [J. Chem. Phys. 78, 1801 (1983)] for atom surface scattering is used to explore the possibility of observation of heavy atom diffractive scattering. In the limit of vanishing (h) over bar the semiclassical theory is shown to reduce to the classical perturbation theory. The quantum diffraction pattern is sensitive to the characteristics of the beam of incoming particles. Necessary conditions for observation of quantum diffraction are derived for the angular width of the incoming beam. An analytic expression for the angular distribution as a function of the angular and momentum variance of the incoming beam is obtained. We show both analytically and through some numerical results that increasing the angular width of the incident beam leads to decoherence of the quantum diffraction peaks and one approaches the classical limit. However, the incoherence of the beam in the parallel direction does not destroy the diffraction pattern. We consider the specific example of Ar atoms scattered from a rigid LiF(100) surface. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4722339]
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(2012) Chemical Physics. 399, p. 135-141 Abstract
Gaussian approximations to the Boltzmann operator have proven themselves in recent years as useful tools for the study of the thermodynamic properties of rare gas clusters. They are, however, not necessarily correct at very low temperatures. In this article we introduce a first-order correction term to the frozen Gaussian imaginary time propagator and apply it to the argon trimer. Our findings show that the correction term provides objective access to the quality of the propagator's results and clearly defines the "best'' Gaussian width parameter. The strength of the correction monitored as a function of the temperature indicates that the results of the Gaussian propagator become questionable below a certain temperature. The interesting thermodynamic transition from a bounded trimer to three body dissociation lies in the temperature range for which the Gaussian approximation is predicted to be accurate. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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(2012) Journal of Chemical Physics. 136, 9, Abstract
A continuum limit frozen Gaussian approximation is formulated for the reduced thermal density matrix for dissipative systems. The imaginary time dynamics is obtained from a novel generalized Langevin equation for the system coordinates. The method is applied to study the thermal density in a double well potential in the presence of Ohmic-like friction. We find that the approximation describes correctly the delocalization of the density due to quantization of the vibrations in the well. It also accounts for the friction induced reduction of the tunneling density in the barrier region. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682241]
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(2012) Journal Of Physics-Condensed Matter. 24, 10, Abstract
It is shown that a straightforward measure of the temperature dependence of energy resolved atom-surface scattering spectra measured under classical conditions can be related to the strength of the surface corrugation. Using classical perturbation theory combined with a Langevin bath formalism for describing energy transfer, explicit expressions for the scattering probabilities are obtained for both two-dimensional, in-plane scattering and full three-dimensional scattering. For strong surface corrugations results expressed as analytic closed-form equations for the scattering probability are derived which demonstrate that the temperature dependence of the scattering probability weakens with increasing corrugation strength. The relationship to the inelastic rainbow is briefly discussed.
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(2012) Molecular Physics. 110, 10-Sep, p. 861-873 Abstract
Three different methods that are based on the coherent control of a time evolved wavefunction are used to determine the eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices. These methods are of special interest for determining eigenvalues of very large matrices and they replace the standard matrix diagonalization by a minimization problem of a few optimal time or phase variables. Upon inversion, the optimal time or phase variables directly provide the energies of higher eigenstates spanned by the initial wavefunction, without having to compute the wavefunctions themselves. The methods are applied to determine the electronic energies of the He and C atoms as well as a model harmonic oscillator system. All three methods scale as N-2 for a matrix whose dimension is N and they use as input only the overlap of the time evolved initial wavefunction with itself.
2011
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(2011) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 115, 25, p. 7189-7198 Abstract
A stochastic theory is formulated for the sticking probability of a projectile scattered from a surface. The theory is then explored by applying it to a generalized Langevin equation model of the scattering dynamics. The theory succeeds in describing the known features of trapping on surfaces. At low energies sticking will occur only if there is an attractive interaction between the projectile and the surface. The probability of sticking at low energies is greater the lower the temperature and the deeper the attractive well of the particle as it approaches the surface. The sticking probability in the absence of horizontal friction tends to be lower as the stiffness of the surface increases. However, in the presence of horizontal friction, increased stiffness may lead to an increase in the sticking coefficient. A cos(2)(theta(i)) scaling is found only in the absence of corrugation and horizontal friction. The theory is then applied successfully to describe experimentally measured sticking probabilities for the scattering of Xe on a Pt(111) surface.
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(2011) Journal of Chemical Physics. 134, 23, 234305. Abstract
Internal conversion is an inherently quantum mechanical process. To date, "on the fly" computation of internal conversion rates is limited to harmonic approximations, which would seem to be especially unsuitable, given that the typical transition to the ground electronic state occurs at energies which are far from the harmonic limit. It is thus of interest to study the applicability of the semi-classial initial value representation (SCIVR) approach which is in principle amenable to on the fly studies even with "many" degrees of freedom. In this paper we study the applicability of the Herman-Kluk (HK) SCIVR to a model system with two coupled and anharmonic degrees of freedom. We find that (a) the HK SCIVR is a good approximation to the exact quantum dynamics; (b) computation of the first order correction to the HK-SCIVR approximation corroborates the accuracy; (c) by studying a large parameter range, we find that the harmonic approximation is mostly unsatisfactory; and (d) for the specific model used, the coupling between the modes was found to be relatively unimportant. These results imply that the HK-SCIVR methodology is a good candidate for on the fly studies of internal conversion processes of "large" molecules. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3599053]
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(2011) Journal of Chemical Physics. 134, 13, 134104. Abstract
The frozen Gaussian approximation to the quantum propagator may be a viable method for obtaining "on the fly" quantum dynamical information on systems with many degrees of freedom. However, it has two severe limitations, it rapidly loses normalization and one needs to know the Gaussian averaged potential, hence it is not a purely local theory in the force field. These limitations are in principle remedied by using the Herman-Kluk (HK) form for the semiclassical propagator. The HK propagator approximately conserves unitarity for relatively long times and depends only locally on the bare potential and its second derivatives. However, the HK propagator involves a much more expensive computation due to the need for evaluating the monodromy matrix elements. In this paper, we (a) derive a new formula for the normalization integral based on a prefactor free HK propagator which is amenable to "on the fly" computations; (b) show that a frozen Gaussian version of the normalization integral is not readily computable "on the fly"; (c) provide a new insight into how the HK prefactor leads to approximate unitarity; and (d) how one may construct a prefactor free approximation which combines the advantages of the frozen Gaussian and the HK propagators. The theoretical developments are backed by numerical examples on a Morse oscillator and a quartic double well potential. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3573566]
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(2011) Journal of Chemical Physics. 134, 4, 044107. Abstract
Semiclassical Gaussian approximations to the Boltzmann operator have become an important tool for the investigation of thermodynamic properties of clusters of atoms at low temperatures. Usually, numerically expensive thawed Gaussian variants are applied. In this article, we introduce a numerically much cheaper frozen Gaussian approximation to the imaginary time propagator with a width matrix especially suited for the dynamics of clusters. The quality of the results is comparable to that of thawed Gaussian methods based on the single-particle ansatz. We apply the method to the argon trimer and investigate the dissociation process of the cluster. The results clearly show a classical-like transition from a bounded moiety to three free particles at a temperature T approximate to 20 K, whereas previous studies of the system were not able to resolve this transition. Quantum effects, i.e., differences with the purely classical case manifest themselves in the low-temperature behavior of the mean energy and specific heat as well as in a slight shift of the transition temperature. We also discuss the influence of an artificial confinement of the atoms usually introduced to converge numerical computations. The results show that restrictive confinements often implemented in studies of clusters can influence the thermodynamic properties drastically. This finding may have implications on other studies of atomic clusters. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3530592]
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(2011) Journal of Chemical Physics. 134, 1, 011103. Abstract
Typically one expects that when a heavy particle collides with a surface, the scattered angular distribution will follow classical mechanics. The heavy mass usually assures that the coherence length of the incident particle in the direction of the propagation of the particle (the parallel direction) will be much shorter than the characteristic lattice length of the surface, thus leading to a classical description. Recent work on molecular interferometry has shown that extreme collimation of the beam creates a perpendicular coherence length which is sufficiently long so as to observe interference of very heavy species passing through a grating. Here we show, using quantum mechanical simulations, that the same effect will lead to quantum diffraction of heavy particles colliding with a surface. The effect is robust with respect to the incident energy, the angle of incidence, and the mass of the particle. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3528120]
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(2011) Journal of Chemical Physics. 134, 2, 024319. Abstract
Exact time-dependent wavepacket calculations of helium atom scattering from model symmetric, chiral, and hexagonal surfaces are presented and compared with their classical counterparts. Analysis of the momentum distribution of the scattered wavepacket provides a convenient method to obtain the resulting energy and angle resolved scattering distributions. The classical distributions are characterized by standard rainbow scattering from corrugated surfaces. It is shown that the classical results are closely related to their quantum counterparts and capture the qualitative features appearing therein. Both the quantum and classical distributions are capable of distinguishing between the structures of the three surfaces. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3519811]
2010
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(2010) Chemical Physics. 375, 3-Feb, p. 337-347 Abstract
In this work, we extend to three dimensions our previous stochastic classical theory on surface rainbow scattering. The stochastic phonon bath is modeled in terms of linear coupling of the phonon modes to the motion of the scattered particle. We take into account the three polarizations of the phonons. Closed formulae are derived for the angular and energy loss distributions. They are readily implemented when assuming that the vertical interaction with the surface is described by a Morse potential. The hard wall limit of the theory is derived and applied to some model corrugated potentials. We find that rainbow structure of the scattered angular distribution reflects the underlying symmetries of the surface. We also distinguish between "normal rainbows" and "super rainbows". The latter occur when the two eigen-values of the Hessian of the corrugation function vanish simultaneously. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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(2010) Physical Review Letters. 105, 13, Abstract
Measurements of the atomic-scale motion of H and D atoms on the Pt(111) surface, above the crossover temperature to deep tunneling, are presented. The results indicate that quantum effects are significant up to the highest temperature studied (250 K). The motion is shown to correspond to nearest neighbor hopping diffusion on a well defined fcc (111) lattice. The measurements provide information on the adiabatic potential of both the adsorption site and the transition state and give strong empirical support for a dissipative transition-state theory description of the quantum contribution to the motion.
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(2010) Journal Of Physics-Condensed Matter. 22, 30, 304004. Abstract
A classical perturbation theory is developed to study rotational rainbow scattering of molecules from uncorrugated frozen surfaces. Considering the interaction of the rigid rotor with the translational motion towards the surface to be weak allows for a perturbative treatment, in which the known zeroth order motion is that of a freely rotating molecule hitting a surface. Using perturbation theory leads to explicit expressions for the angular momentum deflection function with respect to the initial orientational angle of the rotor that are valid for any magnitude of the initial angular momentum. The rotational rainbows appear as peaks both in the final angular momentum and rotational energy distributions, as well as peaks in the angular distribution, although the surface is assumed to be uncorrugated. The derived analytic expressions are compared with numerical simulation data. Even when the rotational motion is significantly coupled to the translational motion, the predictions of the perturbative treatment remain qualitatively correct.
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(2010) Physical Review E. 81, 3, 36704. Abstract
A useful approximation for the thermal operator exp(-beta(H) over cap) is based on its representation in terms of either frozen or thawed Gaussian states. Such approximate representations are leading-order terms in respective series representations of the thermal operator. A numerical study of the convergence properties of the frozen Gaussian series representation has been recently published. In this paper, we extend the previous study to include also the convergence properties of the more expensive thawed Gaussian series representation of the thermal operator. We consider three different formulations for the series representation and apply them to a quartic double-well potential to find that the thawed Gaussian series representation converges faster than the frozen Gaussian one. Further analysis is presented as to the convergence properties and the numerical efficiency of three different thawed Gaussian series representation. The unsymmetrized form converges most rapidly, however, the lower order approximations of the symmetrized forms are more accurate. Comparison with a standard discretized path-integral evaluation demonstrates that the Gaussian based perturbation series representation converges much faster.
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(2010) Physical Review Letters. 104, 11, 116103. Abstract
The rainbow is due to extrema of the angular deflection function of light impinging on water drops. Generically, extrema of suitably defined deflection functions lead to rainbows. These include angular and rotational rainbows in surface scattering and more. Here we introduce the concept of an "energy-loss deflection function" for scattering of particles from a periodic surface whose extrema lead to a new form-the "energy-loss rainbow" which appears as multiple maxima in the final energy distribution of the scattered particle. Energy-loss rainbows are caused by frictional phonon effects which induce structure in the energy-loss distribution instead of "washing it out." We provide evidence that they have been observed in Ne scattering on self-assembled monolayers.
2009
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(2009) Physical Review A. 80, 5, Abstract
A generalized time-dependent perturbation theory is derived for superoperators. Instead of using the "standard" breakup of the Hamiltonian into a known zeroth order term and a correction, we use the approximate superpropagator to define the correction superoperator which is then used to obtain a series representation of the exact Liouville operator. The theory reduces to known limits and may be used for a perturbation expansion of classical Wigner and Husimi dynamics as well as for recent phase-space-based semiclassical approximations. The theory is demonstrated for a model quartic potential.
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(2009) Physical Review B. 80, 16, Abstract
In-plane atom surface scattering perturbation theory within a generalized Langevin equation formalism is proposed to account for the asymmetry found in angular distributions of heavy rare gas atoms scattered by corrugated surfaces. We show that when the surface corrugation is represented in terms of the first two (sine) Fourier components, one finds an asymmetric angular distribution. This asymmetry reflects the ratchetlike form of the effective corrugation. Adding in higher-order terms can also increase the number of rainbow scattering angles. Three rainbows are found for a second-order sine term in the corrugation, four symmetrically spaced rainbow angles are found when adding in a second-order cosine term to the corrugation. Analytic expressions for the angular distribution are derived in terms of a Morse oscillator model. The theory accounts well for the asymmetry and predicts its disappearance as the incident scattering angle is increased. It also features a decrease in the distance between the rainbow angles as the angle of incidence is increased and as the incident energy is increased. The theory is successfully applied to the experimental results of Kondo et al. [Eur. Phys. J. D 38, 129 (2006)] for the scattering of Ar on LiF(100) and the results of Amirav et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 87, 1796 (1987)] for the scattering of Xe on Ge(100) and Ar and Kr on Ag(100).
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(2009) Physical Review B. 80, 11, Abstract
The scattering of argon atoms from a hydrogen saturated tungsten (100) surface was measured almost two decades ago by Schweizer et al. [Surf. Sci. 249, 335 (1991)]. Angular distributions with rainbow features were measured as a function of surface temperature, incident kinetic energy and incident angle. In this paper, we show that a recently formulated classical Wigner theory of atom surface scattering accounts well for the measured distributions and their properties. Parameters were fit to a corrugated Morse potential, with Ohmic friction. Ab initio quantum chemistry computations verify that the fitted Morse potential parameters are in qualitative agreement with computed Ar-W and Ar-H-W potentials of interaction.
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(2009) Journal of Chemical Physics. 131, 4, Abstract
Thawed Gaussian wavepackets have been used in recent years to compute approximations to the thermal density matrix. From a numerical point of view, it is cheaper to employ frozen Gaussian wavepackets. In this paper, we provide the formalism for the computation of thermal densities using frozen Gaussian wavepackets. We show that the exact density may be given in terms of a series, in which the zeroth order term is the frozen Gaussian. A numerical test of the methodology is presented for deep tunneling in the quartic double well potential. In all cases, the series is observed to converge. The convergence of the diagonal density matrix element is much faster than that of the antidiagonal one, suggesting that the methodology should be especially useful for the computation of partition functions. As a by product of this study, we find that the density matrix in configuration space can have more than two saddle points at low temperatures. This has implications for the use of the quantum instanton theory.
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(2009) Physical Review A. 79, 6, Abstract
The final momentum distribution for the scattering of He from a corrugated surface representation of Cu(110) is obtained from semiclassical theory. We derive a formally exact expression for the distribution which involves the absolute value squared of a single overlap of the initial wave function with the final momentum state. This reduces the number of phase-space integrals appearing in the semiclassical expressions and therefore leads to a large reduction in the computational effort. In addition, other energy-dependent observables are directly accessible from the momentum distribution without the need for further simulations. Using this formalism, we compare the quality of results obtained using a classical Wigner approximation and the frozen Gaussian, Herman-Kluk, and thawed Gaussian semiclassical propagators. We find that the thawed Gaussian is not only the best approximation, but it also converges more rapidly than the other semiclassical methods. The frozen Gaussian Herman-Kluk propagator is superior to the frozen Gaussian propagator. In contrast, the classical Wigner approach is qualitatively wrong as it does not properly account for the interference which dominates the angular distribution.
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(2009) Journal of Chemical Physics. 130, 19, Abstract
A classical Wigner in-plane atom surface scattering perturbation theory within the generalized Langevin equation formalism is proposed and discussed with applications to the Ar-Ag(111) system. The theory generalizes the well-known formula of Brako as well as the "washboard model." Explicit expressions are derived for the joint angular and final momentum distributions, joint final energy, and angular distributions as well as average energy losses to the surface. The theory provides insight into the intertwining between the energy loss and angular dependence of the scattering. At low energies the energy loss in the horizontal direction is expected to be large, leading to a shift of the maximum of the angular distribution to subspecular angles, while at high energies the energy loss in the vertical direction dominates, leading to a superspecular maximum in the angular distribution. The same effect underlies the negative slope of the average final (relative) energy versus scattering angle at low energies which becomes positive at high energies. The theory also predicts that the full width at half maximum of the angular distribution varies as the square root of the temperature. We show how the theory provides insight into the experimental results for scattering of Ar from the Ag(111) surface.
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(2009) Journal of Chemical Physics. 130, 4, Abstract
The anharmonic S-0 -> S-1 vibronic absorption spectrum of the formaldehyde molecule is computed on the fly using semiclassical dynamics. This first example of an on-the-fly semiclassical computation of a vibronic spectrum was achieved using a unit prefactor modified frozen Gaussian semiclassical propagator for the excited state. A sample of 6000 trajectories sufficed for obtaining a converged spectrum, which is in reasonable agreement with experiment. Similar agreement is not obtained when using a harmonic approximation for the spectrum, demonstrating the need for a full anharmonic computation. This first example provides a resolution of similar to 100 cm(-1). Potential ways of improving the methodology and obtaining higher resolution and accuracy are discussed.
2008
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(2008) Biophysical Journal. 95, 9, p. 4258-4265 Abstract
The potential energy pro. le for many complex reactions of proteins, such as folding or allosteric conformational change, involves many different scales of molecular motion along the reaction coordinate. Although it is natural to model the dynamics of motion along such rugged energy landscapes as diffusional (the Smoluchowski equation; SE), problems arise because the frictional forces generated by the molecular surround are typically not strong enough to justify the use of the SE. Here, we discuss the fundamental theory behind the SE and note that it may be justified through a master equation when reduced to its continuum limit. However, the SE cannot be used for rough energy landscapes, where the continuum limit is ill defined. Instead, we suggest that one should use a mean first passage time expression derived from a master equation, and show how this approach can be used to glean information about the underlying dynamics of barrier crossing. We note that the potential pro. le in the SE is that of the microbarriers between conformational substates, and that there is a temperature-dependent, effective friction associated with the long residence time in the microwells that populate the rough landscape. The number of recrossings of the overall barrier is temperature-dependent, governed by the microbarriers and not by the effective friction. We derive an explicit expression for the mean number of recrossings and its temperature dependence. Finally, we note that the mean first passage time can be used as a departure point for measuring the roughness of the landscape.
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(2008) Journal of Chemical Physics. 129, 6, Abstract
A recently formulated continuum limit semiclassical initial value series representation (SCIVR) of the quantum dynamics of dissipative systems is applied to the study of vibrational relaxation of model harmonic and anharmonic oscillator systems. As is well known, the classical dynamics of dissipative systems may be described in terms of a generalized Langevin equation. The continuum limit SCIVR uses the Langevin trajectories as input, albeit with a quantum noise rather than a classical noise. Combining this development with the forward-backward form of the prefactor-free propagator leads to a tractable scheme for computing quantum thermal correlation functions. Here we present the first implementation of this continuum limit SCIVR series method to study two model problems of vibrational relaxation. Simulations of the dissipative harmonic oscillator system over a wide range of parameters demonstrate that at most only the first two terms in the SCIVR series are needed for convergence of the correlation function. The methodology is then applied to the vibrational relaxation of a dissipative Morse oscillator. Here, too, the SCIVR series converges rapidly as the first two terms are sufficient to provide the quantum mechanical relaxation with an estimated accuracy on the order of a few percent. The results in this case are compared with computations obtained using the classical Wigner approximation for the relaxation dynamics.
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(2008) Journal of Chemical Physics. 129, 5, Abstract
The scattering of atoms from surfaces is studied within the classical Wigner formalism. A new analytical expression is derived for the angular distribution and its surface temperature dependence. The expression is valid in the limit of weak coupling between the vertical motion with respect to the surface and the horizontal motion of the atom along the periodic surface. The surface temperature dependence is obtained in the limit of weak coupling between the horizontal atomic motion and the surface phonons. The resulting expression, which takes into account the surface corrugation, leads to an almost symmetric double peaked angular distribution, with peaks at the rainbow angles. The analytic expression agrees with model numerical computations. It provides a good qualitative description for the experimentally measured angular distribution of Ne and Ar scattered from a Cu surface. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics.
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(2008) Journal of Chemical Physics. 128, 16, Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the S(0)-> S(1) and S(0)
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(2008) Physical Review E. 77, 2, Abstract
The time correlation functions for a Gaussian wave-packet preparation of the dissipative harmonic oscillator evolving from three initial conditions for the heat bath are calculated and compared with each other for Ohmic heat baths. The three initial distributions for the bath are the factorized, partially factorized, and unfactorized distributions. Explicit analytical formulas are derived and then used to study the effect of the three initial distributions on the subsequent dynamics. We find that the transient behavior does not depend sensitively on the initial condition as long as the initial Gaussian wave function of the system is centered at the equilibrium point. Differences become noticeable as the center of the wave packet is significantly shifted from the equilibrium point. These observations justify to some extent the prevalent use of factorized initial conditions for studying real time quantum dynamics in dissipative systems. The total energy in the system is also calculated for the three initial states and its relation to features in the decay is pointed out.
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(2008) Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 112, 2, p. 213-218 Abstract
We present a computation of the classical momentum and velocity correlation functions of Br-2 considered as an idealized molecular wire connecting dissipated lead atoms at each end of the dimer. It is demonstrated that coupling of the diatomic relative momentum to the leads may result in momenta that are not equal to the mass-weighted velocity. These differences show up in numerical simulations of both the average value and time correlations of the bond momentum and velocity. These observations are supported by analytical predictions for the average temperature of the diatomic. They imply that the "standard recipes" for modeling the system with a generalized Langevin equation are insufficient.
2007
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(2007) Journal of Chemical Physics. 127, 7, Abstract
In this paper, we consider a dissipative system in which the system is coupled linearly to a harmonic bath. In the continuum limit, the bath is defined via a spectral density and the classical system dynamics is given in terms of a generalized Langevin equation. Using the path integral formulation and factorized initial conditions, it is well known that one can integrate out the harmonic bath, leaving only a path integral over the system degrees of freedom. However, the semiclassical initial value representation treatment of dissipative systems has usually been limited to a discretized treatment of the bath in terms of a finite number of bath oscillators. In this paper, the continuum limit of the semiclassical initial value representation is derived for dissipative systems. As in the path integral, the action is modified with an added nonlocal term, which expresses the influence of the bath on the dynamics. The first order correction term to the semiclassical initial value approximation is also derived in the continuum limit. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.
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(2007) Journal of Chemical Physics. 126, 16, Abstract
There have been quite a few attempts in recent years to provide an initial value coherent state representation for the imaginary time propagator exp(-beta H). The most notable is the recent time evolving Gaussian approximation of Frantsuzov and Mandelshtam [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 9247 (2004)] which may be considered as an expansion of the imaginary time propagator in terms of coherent states whose momentum is zero. In this paper, a similar but different expression is developed in which exp(-beta H) is represented in a series whose terms are weighted phase space averages of coherent states. Such a representation allows for the formulation of a new and simplified forward-backward semiclassical initial value representation expression for thermal correlation functions. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.
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(2007) Physical Review E. 75, 4, Abstract
Usually one finds that dissipation tends to make a quantum system more classical in nature. We study the effect of momentum dissipation on a quantum system. The momentum of the particle is coupled bilinearly to the momenta of a harmonic oscillator heat bath. For a harmonic oscillator system we find that the position and momentum variances for momentum coupling are, respectively, identical to momentum and position variances for spatial friction. This implies that momentum coupling leads to an increase in the fluctuations in position as the temperature is lowered, exactly the opposite of the classical-like localization of the oscillator, found with spatial friction. For a parabolic barrier, momentum coupling causes an increase in the unstable normal mode barrier frequency, as compared to the lowering of the barrier frequency in the presence of purely spatial coupling. This increase in the frequency leads to an enhancement of the thermal tunneling flux, which below the crossover temperature becomes exponentially large. The crossover temperature between tunneling and thermal activation increases with momentum friction so that quantum effects in the escape are relevant at higher temperatures.
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(2007) Journal of Chemical Physics. 126, 16, Abstract
A numerical solution for the quantum dynamics of the spin boson problem is obtained using the semiclassical initial value series representation approach to the quantum dynamics. The zeroth order term of the series is computed using the new forward-backward representation for correlation functions presented in the preceding adjacent paper. This leads to a rapid convergence of the Monte Carlo sampling, as compared to previous attempts. The zeroth order results are already quite accurate. The first order term of the series is small, demonstrating the rapid convergence of the semiclassical initial value representation series. This is the first time that the first order term in the semiclassical initial value representation series has been converged for systems with the order of 50 degrees of freedom. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.
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(2007) Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 3, 2, p. 344-349 Abstract
The Rayleigh-Ritz functional is used in conjunction with an approximate time evolution to improve ab initio estimates of ground-state energies. The improvement is due in part to the introduction of a novel variational "normalization function" for the approximate propagator. An additional variational parameter was introduced in the form of a constant shift energy of the Hamiltonian. The approximate propagator used was the frozen Gaussian propagator; however, the trajectories evolved on the coherent-state averaged Hamiltonian (Q representation). For Coulombic forces, this removes the singularity, easing the computation. An additional variational parameter was the width parameter used for the coherent states appearing in the frozen Gaussian propagator. Using an initial combination of nine Gaussian functions for He, with an initial energy of -2.5115 au, the variational method, with a very short time interval of integration, led to an improved energy of -2.81 +/- 0.04 au.
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The semiclassical initial value series representation of the quantum propagator(2007) p. 259-271 Abstract
One of the central open challenges of the 21st century is the computation of real time quantum dynamics for systems with "many" degrees of freedom. A promising approach for obtaining approximate real time quantum dynamics is through the use of the semiclassical initial value approximation for the exact quantum propagator. The main drawback of this class of approximations was its ad hoc nature, it was in many senses an uncontrolled approximation scheme. This drawback has been recently remedied by showing that the semiclassical initial value representation (SCIVR) propagator is just a leading order term in a formally exact series representation of the true quantum propagator. In this review we present the SCIVR series representation, its successes and future challenges in applications to "large" systems. In addition, a new interaction representation initial value series representation for the exact quantum propagator is formulated.
2006
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(2006) Journal of Chemical Physics. 125, 13, Abstract
Frantsuzov and Mandelshtam [J. Chem. Phys. 121, 9247 (2004)] have recently demonstrated that a time evolving Gaussian approximation (TEGA) to the imaginary time propagator exp(-beta H) is useful for numerical computations of anharmonically coupled systems with many degrees of freedom. In this paper we derive a new exact series representation for the imaginary time propagator whose leading order term is the TEGA. One can thus use the TEGA not only as an approximation but also to obtain the exact imaginary time propagator. We also show how the TEGA may be generalized to provide a family of TEGA's. Finally, we find that the equations of motion governing the evolution of the center and width of the Gaussian may be thought of as introducing a quantum friction term to the classical evolution equations. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.
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(2006) Journal of Chemical Physics. 125, 16, Abstract
The forward-backward (FB) approximation as applied to semiclassical initial value representations (SCIVR's) has enabled the practical application of the SCIVR methodology to systems with many degrees of freedom. However, to date a systematic representation of the exact quantum dynamics in terms of the FB-SCIVR has proven elusive. In this paper, we provide a new derivation of a forward-backward phase space SCIVR expression (FBPS-SCIVR) derived previously by Thompson and Makri [Phys. Rev. E 59, R4729 (1999)]. This enables us to represent quantum correlation functions exactly in terms of a series whose leading order term is the FBPS-SCIVR expression. Numerical examples for systems with over 50 degrees of freedom are presented for the spin boson problem. Comparison of the FBPS-SCIVR with the numerically exact results of Wang [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 9948 (2000)] obtained using a multiconfigurational time dependent method shows that the leading order FBPS-SCIVR term already provides an excellent approximation.
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(2006) Physical Review E. 73, 4, Abstract
Stochastic acceleration, defined in terms of a stochastic equation of motion for the acceleration, is derived from a Hamiltonian model. A free particle is coupled bilinearly to a harmonic bath through the particle's momentum and coordinate. Under appropriate conditions, momentum coupling induces velocity diffusion which is not destroyed by the spatial coupling. Spatial-momentum coupling may induce spatial subdiffusion. The thermodynamic equilibrium theory presented in this paper does not violate the second law of thermodynamics, although the average velocity squared of the particle may increase in time without bound.
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(2006) Molecular Physics. 104, 1, p. 11-21 Abstract
The second order perturbation theory expression for the time dependent populations and rates of photoinduced electron transfer reactions has been previously derived by R. D. Coalson, D.G. Evans and A. Nitzan (J. chem. Phys., 101, 436 (1994)) and by M. Cho and R.J. Silbey (J. chem. Phys., 103, 595 (1995)). Here, we adapt these expressions for the study and analysis of the excitation laser frequency dependence of the time dependent populations and rates. Our model consists of a molecule with three electronic states, each supporting a manifold of harmonic internal vibrations of the molecule. In contrast to previous expectations, we find that in the region of significant absorption, the photoinduced electron transfer rate is almost independent of the frequency and the temporal width of the excitation laser. This conclusion implies that control of the excitation rate through the excitation laser frequency is possible only if external noise destroys the coherence of the excitation process.
2005
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(2005) Journal Of Physics-Condensed Matter. 17, 49, p. S4133-S4150 Abstract
An elementary process occurring on surfaces is diffusion. The dynamics is simplest when the concentration of adsorbates is sufficiently small that interaction between adsorbates can be ignored. But even for this tracer diffusion process, much remains to be uncovered. Here, we present the interplay between experimental measurement of tracer diffusion and its theoretical interpretation, which leads to good estimates of the interaction of the adparticle with the Surface. We show how the results from three different experimental techniques-field ion microscopy, scanning tunnelling microscopy and quasielastic helium atom scattering-can be interpreted. Using the generalized Langevin equation as a model for the diffusion dynamics, we show how the turnover theory for activated diffusion may be used to describe the measured time evolution of the adparticle distribution oil the surface. The different activation energy measured for hopping over single or double lattice lengths is shown to come from the added energy loss to the surface, as the particle moves over the longer path. We discuss some of the issues which are not yet clear; these include quantum effects, such as the quantum suppression of diffusion, vibrationally assisted diffusion, multidimensional effects and diffusion in the presence of external fields.
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(2005) Chaos. 15, 2, Abstract
A brief history is presented, outlining the development of rate theory during the past century. Starting from Arrhenius [Z. Phys. Chem. 4, 226 (1889)], we follow especially the formulation of transition state theory by Wigner [Z. Phys. Chem. Abt. B 19, 203 (1932)] and Eyring [J. Chem. Phys. 3, 107 (1935)]. Transition state theory (TST) made it possible to obtain quick estimates for reaction rates for a broad variety of processes even during the days when sophisticated computers were not available. Arrhenius' suggestion that a transition state exists which is intermediate between reactants and products was central to the development of rate theory. Although Wigner gave an abstract definition of the transition state as a surface of minimal unidirectional flux, it took almost half of a century until the transition state was precisely defined by Pechukas [Dynamics of Molecular Collisions B, edited by W. H. Miller (Plenum, New York, 1976)], but even this only in the realm of classical mechanics. Eyring, considered by many to be the father of TST, never resolved the question as to the definition of the activation energy for which Arrhenius became famous. In 1978, Chandler [J. Chem. Phys. 68, 2959 (1978)] finally showed that especially when considering condensed phases, the activation energy is a free energy, it is the barrier height in the potential of mean force felt by the reacting system. Parallel to the development of rate theory in the chemistry community, Kramers published in 1940 [Physica (Amsterdam) 7, 284 (1940)] a seminal paper on the relation between Einstein's theory of Brownian motion [Einstein, Ann. Phys. 17, 549 (1905)] and rate theory. Kramers' paper provided a solution for the effect of friction on reaction rates but left us also with some challenges. He could not derive a uniform expression for the rate, valid for all values of the friction coefficient, known as the Kramers turnover problem. He also did not establish the connection between his approac
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(2005) Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 1, 3, p. 439-443 Abstract
Short time information on the time evolution of wave packets is combined with the variational theorem to determine eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. As in the Filter Diagonalization Method the input that is needed is a correlation function and its time derivative. The method is iterative and convergent. The time interval needed is short, for example, the determination of tunneling splitting energies Delta E is obtained in a time interval which is substantially shorter than the Fourier time 27 pi h/Delta E The method is applied to some model problems including determining the ground tunneling state in a quartic double well potential using numerically exact short time results obtained from the semiclassical initial value representation series of the exact propagator. This is another example in which tunneling is obtained using only coherent classical paths. Implications of the method for ab initio computation of molecular electronic energies is discussed.
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(2005) Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation. 1, 3, p. 345-352 Abstract
One of the central advantages of the Herman Kluk Semiclassical Initial Value Representation (SCIVR) of the quantum propagator is that through its prefactor it approximately conserves unitarity for relatively long times. Its main disadvantage is that the prefactor appearing in the SCIVR propagator is expensive to compute as the dimensionality of the problem increases. When using the SCIVR series method for computation of the numerically exact quantum dynamics, the expense becomes even larger, since each term in the series involves a product of propagators, each with its own prefactor. This expense can be eliminated if one uses prefactor free propagators; however, these do not conserve unitarity as well as the HK propagator. As a compromise, we suggest the use of a hybrid propagator, in which the system variables are treated with the Herman-Kluk prefactor, while the bath variables are treated as prefactor free. Numerical application to a quartic oscillator coupled bilinearly to five harmonic bath oscillators demonstrates the viability of the hybrid method. The results presented are also a first application of the SCIVR series method to a system with six degrees of freedom. Convergence to the numerically exact answer using Monte Carlo sampling is obtained with at most the first two terms in the SCIVR series.
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(2005) New Journal of Physics. 7, Abstract
A second-order cumulant expansion is used to derive continuum limit expressions for the electronic absorption spectrum of a polyatomic molecule interacting with a bath, within the Condon approximation and weak fields. The small expansion parameter is the difference between the vibrational Hamiltonians in the ground and excited electronic states. The second-order cumulant expansion is shown to be a good approximation for a reasonable model of a polyatomic molecule with 45 degrees of freedom. Friction tends to shift the maximum in the absorption peak to the blue. When the vibrational frequencies in the excited electronic state are lower than those in the ground electronic state, one finds a stochastic resonance feature. Friction first narrows the peak and then broadens it. This narrowing is absent when one shifts only the equilibrium positions in the excited state relative to the ground state.
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(2005) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 109, 1, p. 122-132 Abstract
A correlation function formalism is applied to compute the two-photon absorption spectrum of benzene. Using harmonic Hamiltonians for the ground and excited electronic states, we find that the theory agrees qualitatively with the experimentally observed sparsity of the thermal two-photon absorption spectrum as compared with the single-photon absorption spectrum. An expression for the average vibrational energy in the excited state is derived. We find that cooling of the nascent vibrational energy in the electronically excited state is not as extensive in the two-photon absorption process as compared to the single-photon case.
2004
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(2004) Physical Review Letters. 93, 14, Abstract
A central challenge to the semiclassical description of quantum mechanics is the quantum phenomenon of "deep" tunneling. Here we show that real time classical trajectories suffice to account correctly even for deep quantum tunneling, using a recently formulated semiclassical initial value representation series of the quantum propagator and a prefactor free semiclassical propagator. Deep quantum tunneling is effected through what we term as coherent classical paths which are composed of one or more classical trajectories that lead from reactant to product but are discontinuous along the way. The end and initial phase space points of consecutive classical trajectories contributing to the coherent path are close to each other in the sense that the distance between them is weighted by a coherent state overlap matrix element. Results are presented for thermal and energy dependent tunneling through a symmetric Eckart barrier.
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(2004) Journal Of Physics A-Mathematical And General. 37, 41, p. 9669-9676 Abstract
A general expression for thawed semiclassical initial-value representation propagators has been derived in the multidimensional form. The thawed Gaussian propagator of Heller and the coherent-state-averaged thawed Gaussian propagator of Baranger et al (2001 J. Phys. A: Math. Gen. 34 7227) are some examples of the more general class. The derivation is based on the demand that the correction operator associated with the semiclassical propagator includes only cubic and higher-order terms of the averaged potential.
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(2004) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 108, 39, p. 7778-7784 Abstract
We present a theoretical study of the effect of Dushinskii rotations on the vibrational population created in an excited electronic state through photoexcitation. Special attention is given to the effect of Dushinskii rotations on the possibility of cooling the vibrational population in the excited state, relative to the thermal distribution in the ground state. The absorption spectrum and corresponding average energy in the excited state are calculated using a closed-form expression for the harmonic correlation function between the ground and excited electronic states, which includes the effects of Dushinskii rotations, equilibrium position shifts, and frequency shifts between the excited- and ground-electronic-state normal modes. We investigate numerically the separate and joint effects of rotation, position shifts, and frequency shifts on the absorption spectrum and average vibrational energy in the excited electronic state. We find that, although the Dushinskii rotations generally diminish the cooling effect, the effect does not disappear and, in some cases, may also increase slightly.
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(2004) Journal of Chemical Physics. 121, 8, p. 3384-3392 Abstract
A new class of prefactor free semiclassical initial value representations (SCIVR) of the quantum propagator is presented. The derivation is based on the physically motivated demand, that on the average in phase space and in time, the propagator obey the exact quantum equation of motion. The resulting SCIVR series representation of the exact quantum propagator is also free of prefactors. When using a constant width parameter, the prefactor free SCIVR propagator is identical to the frozen Gaussian propagator of Heller [J. Chem. Phys. 75, 2923 (1981)]. A numerical study of the prefactor free SCIVR series is presented for scattering through a double slit potential, a system studied extensively previously by Gelabert [J. Chem. Phys. 114, 2572 (2001)]. As a basis for comparison, the SCIVR series is also computed using the optimized Herman-Kluk SCIVR. We find that the sum of the zeroth order and the first order terms in the series suffice for an accurate determination of the diffraction pattern. The same exercise, but using the prefactor free propagator series needs also the second order term in the series, however the numerical effort is not greater than that needed for the Herman-Kluk propagator, since one does not need to compute the monodromy matrix elements at each point in time. The numerical advantage of the prefactor free propagator grows with increasing dimensionality of the problem. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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(2004) Journal of Chemical Physics. 120, 22, p. 10768-10779 Abstract
The vibrational motions of atomic adsorbates on surfaces can be probed by helium atom scattering. The experimental observable is the dynamic structure factor, which shows an inelastic peak around the vibrational frequency of the isolated adsorbates known as the frustrated translational or T-mode peak. In this paper we develop a theory for the line shape of this peak, as well as for its temperature-dependent shift and broadening, based on a Hamiltonian equivalent of the generalized Langevin equation. The theory can be used to infer physical parameters of the adatom-surface interaction, such as the friction coefficient, the barrier height to diffusion, and the anharmonicity parameter. Numerical simulations are used to ascertain the range of validity of the theory, which is also generalized to describe multidimensional systems and to include quantum corrections. We compare the theoretical predictions for the shift and broadening with experimental results for the Na/Cu(001) system, showing quantitative agreement within experimental resolution. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.
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(2004) Journal of Chemical Physics. 120, 20, p. 9630-9637 Abstract
In a previous paper [J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11864 (2003)], we derived a set of two coupled equations which describe electron transfer in the presence of dissipation at high temperature. Employing the low temperature extension of the Fokker-Planck operator, suggested by Haake and Reibold [Phys. Rev. A 32, 2462 (1985)] and Ankerhold [Europhys. Lett. 61, 301 (2003)], we show that one may extend the generalized Zusman equations in a similar manner to low temperature. Numerical simulation shows that addition of the temperature-dependent term which couples the coordinate and momentum causes an increase in the electron transfer rate as compared to the rate obtained from the previous high temperature equations. The increase in the rate comes from the increase in the equilibrium variances of the coordinate and momentum. The low temperature quantum theory allows for higher energy portions of phase space to contribute to the electron transfer rate where the rate is higher thus enhancing the overall rate. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.
2003
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(2003) Journal of Chemical Physics. 119, 22, p. 11864-11877 Abstract
An analytic study of the density matrix and Wigner representation equations for dissipative electron transfer is presented. An explicit expression is derived for the off-diagonal Green's function, which shows a very fast relaxation in time if the barrier to reaction is greater than the thermal energy. This fast relaxation invalidates previous attempts to derive coupled equations for the density in the large friction limit. The fast off-diagonal relaxation disallows an adiabatic elimination of the momentum even in the large friction limit. We then show, with the aid of the boundary layer method, how one can use the same analysis to derive a set of two coupled equations for the diagonal densities. These equations are a generalization to phase space of the large friction Zusman equations [Chem. Phys. 49, 295 (1980)]. Adiabatic elimination of the momentum from these generalized Zusman equations is correct in the large friction limit and naturally leads back to the Zusman equations. Numerical solution of the generalized Zusman equations is presented for symmetric electron transfer for weak and strong electronic coupling, moderate and high barriers, and a large range of damping. The numerical results provide new insight into the friction dependence of the rate in the weak damping regime and show that previous analytic expressions for the rate are only qualitative in nature. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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(2003) Journal of Chemical Physics. 119, 21, p. 11058-11063 Abstract
The recently derived exact representation of the quantum propagator in terms of semiclassical initial value representations (SCIVR) is used to optimize the width parameter in the SCIVR. Minimization of the expectation value of the correction operator related to the SCIVR leads to improved convergence of the representation. A test on a model one-dimensional double-well potential demonstrates that this optimization can give essentially exact results using only the first two terms in the SCIVR expansion of the exact propagator. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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(2003) Journal of Chemical Physics. 119, 20, p. 10941-10952 Abstract
The specific features of classical and quantum activated diffusion of a particle over a surface, modeled by a one-dimensional periodic potential, are analyzed in the low-to-moderate friction limit, in which the kinetics of the process is determined by the energy relaxation. Different models for the energy transition probability are considered with special emphasis on the exponential model which leads to significant simplification of the problem. New expressions are presented for the escape rate, mean squared path length and diffusion coefficient of an activated particle whose energy exchange dynamics is described by an exponential kernel. A universal behavior p(j)similar toj(-3/2) exp(-Deltaj) (where Delta depends only on the friction strength) is found for the distribution p(j) of diffusive hopping lengths j. It is identical for classical and quantum activated diffusion, does not depend on the details of the model used or on the characteristic energy loss of the particle to the bath. Quantum effects (tunneling) demonstrate themselves only in the absolute values of hopping rates, which for the weak damping regime considered in this paper, lead to a decrease of rates and, thus, the diffusion coefficient. This quantum suppression of diffusion is shown to be equivalent to an effective increase in the activation barrier, caused by quantum above barrier-reflection. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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(2003) Physical Review Letters. 91, 19, Abstract
A new exact representation of the quantum propagator is derived in terms of semiclassical initial value representations. The resulting expression may be expanded in a series, of which the leading order term is the semiclassical one. Motion of a Gaussian wave packet on a symmetric double well potential is used to demonstrate numerical convergence of the series and the ability to compute each element in the series using Monte Carlo methods.
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(2003) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 107, 37, p. 7112-7117 Abstract
A systematic method is developed to obtain increasingly accurate semiclassical initial value representation (IVR) approximations to the exact quantum propagator. The main result is a series of correction terms of increasing order in a "correction operator", which describes the difference between the exact evolution equation and the equation obeyed by the semiclassical propagator. Each term in the series involves only phase space integrals of classical trajectories and is therefore, in principle, amenable to numerical computation. The properties of the "correction operator" are studied for three different representations of the semiclassical propagator. For initial times, we find that the propagator suggested recently by Baranger et al. is superior to a thawed Gaussian propagator or the Herman-Kluk propagator.
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(2003) Journal of Chemical Physics. 119, 5, p. 2780-2791 Abstract
The diffusion of adatoms and molecules on a surface at low coverage can be measured by helium scattering. The experimental observable is the dynamic structure factor. In this article, we show how Kramers' turnover theory can be used to infer physical properties of the diffusing particle from the experiment. Previously, Chudley and Elliot showed, under reasonable assumptions, that the dynamic structure factor is determined by the hopping distribution of the adsorbed particle. Kramers' theory determines the hopping distribution in terms of two parameters only. These are an effective frequency and the energy loss of the particle to the bath as it traverses from one barrier to the next. Kramers' theory, including finite barrier corrections, is tested successfully against numerical Langevin equation simulations, using both separable and nonseparable interaction potentials. Kramers' approach, which really is a steepest descent estimate for the rate, based on the Langevin equation, involves closed analytical expressions and so is relatively easy to implement. Diffusion of Na atoms on a Cu(001) surface has been chosen as an example to illustrate the application of Kramers' theory. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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(2003) Journal of Chemical Physics. 118, 10, p. 4357-4364 Abstract
A study is provided of dynamics and dissipative tunneling in a symmetric quartic double well potential. The numerical solution for the position autocorrelation function obtained through the Wigner-Fokker-Planck equation is compared with numerically exact results of Stockburger and Mak [J. Chem. Phys. 110, 4983 (1999)]. We find that the Wigner-Fokker-Planck dynamics agree well with the numerically exact computations, they account for both quantum coherences as well as quantum tunneling phenomena. This, in contrast to the mixed quantum classical approximation, which does not perform as well. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.
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(2003) p. 136-150 Abstract
The study of quantum stochastic processes presents severe difficulties, both on the theory level as well as on technical grounds. The numerically exact solution remains prohibitive even today. In this paper we review and present new results for three different methods used for the modelling of quantum stochastic processes. These include a mixed quantum classical approach, semiclassical initial value representations of the quantum propagator and the reduced density matrix approach as typified by the quantum Wigner-Fokker-Planck equation. A new semiclassical initial value representation that does away with cumbersome prefactors which depend on the monodromy matrix elements but is exact for a harmonic oscillator is presented and its properties analysed. A recently proposed systematic method for improving semiclassical initial value representations is reviewed. The generalization of the Wigner-Fokker-Planck equation to stochastic processes with memory is obtained by using a novel integral equation representation.
2002
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(2002) Computer Physics Communications. 147, 3, p. 759-769 Abstract
The denoising characteristics for the representation of experimental data in terms of the Hermite Distributed Approximating Functionals (HDAF's) are analyzed with respect to signals corrupted with Gaussian noise. The HDAF performance is compared to both the ideal window and running averages representations of the same data. We find that the HDAF filter combines the best features of both. That is, the HDAF filter provides approximately the same noise reduction and bandwidth as the ideal filter while at the same time remaining limited in range in both the physical and Fourier spaces. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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(2002) Journal of Chemical Physics. 116, 14, p. 5925-5932 Abstract
The short time dynamics of the semiclassical initial value separation are studied analytically for a one dimensional system. We find that at short times the approximation introduces spurious errors that depend on h and result from the anharmonic part of the potential. This is in contrast to classical mechanics which gives the first three initial time derivatives of a coordinate dependent operator exactly. Consideration of a model system shows, though, that the error introduced is not very large and that for times which are longer than a typical period of classical motion, semiclassical initial value representation propagation is superior to classical time propagation. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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(2002) Journal of Chemical Physics. 116, 14, p. 6088-6101 Abstract
A combination of an ab initio harmonic force field and experimentally determined frequencies is used to study the nascent energy distribution of naphthalene when photoexcited from the ground electronic state (S-0) to the first excited electronic state (S-1). We find extensive cooling of the nascent vibrational energy distribution for photoexcitation frequencies which are within 500 cm(-1) to the blue and to the red of the transition frequency omega(00) from the ground vibrational state of S-0 to the ground vibrational state of S-1. The experimentally measured pressure dependence of the internal conversion rates of naphthalene in the presence of argon gas are examined theoretically with an improved version of the Gaussian binary collision theory of Talkner, Berezhkovskii, and Pollak. We find, in agreement with experiment, that at low excitation energies, the lifetime of the excited state decreases with increasing pressure-a signature of vibrational cooling, while for high photoexcitation energies the lifetime increases, a signature of vibrational heating of the nascent distribution. The energy transfer per collision is found to be 25% of the excess (thermal) energy. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.
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(2002) Journal of Chemical Physics. 116, 7, p. 2718-2727 Abstract
Numerically exact solutions for the quantum rate of potential barrier crossing in dissipative systems are only possible for highly idealized systems. It is, therefore, of interest to develop approximate theories of more general applicability. In this paper we formulate a mixed quantum classical thermodynamical rate theory for dissipative systems. The theory consists of two parts. The evaluation of a thermal flux and the computation of the classically evolved product projection operator. Since the dividing surface is perpendicular to the unstable normal mode of the dissipative system, we reformulate the theory in terms of the unstable normal mode and a collective bath mode. The influence functional for the thermal flux matrix elements in this representation is derived. The classical mechanics are reformulated in terms of the same two degrees of freedom. The one-dimensional Langevin equation for the system coordinate is replaced by a coupled set of Langevin equations for the unstable normal mode and the collective bath mode. The resulting rate expression is given in the continuum limit, so that computation of the rate does not necessitate a discretization of the bath modes. To overcome the necessity of computing a multidimensional Fourier transform of the matrix elements of the thermal flux operator, we adapt, as in previous studies, a method of Creswick [Mod. Phys. Lett. B 9, 693 (1995)], by which only a one-dimensional Fourier transform is needed. This transform is computed by quadrature. The resulting theory is tested against the landmark numerical results of Topaler and Makri [J. Chem. Phys. 101, 7500 (1994)] obtained for barrier crossing in a symmetric double well potential. We find that mixed quantum classical rate theory (MQCLT) provides a substantial improvement over our previous quantum transition state theory as well as centroid transition state theory computations and is in overall good agreement with the exact results. (C) 2002 American Institute of Phy
2001
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(2001) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105, 49, p. 10961-10966 Abstract
An ab initio harmonic study is presented for the nascent vibrational energy distribution of room-temperature benzene when photoexcited to the S-1 state. The dependence on photoexcitation frequency and pulse width is investigated. We find, that even though the transition is symmetry disallowed, the Herzberg-Teller mechanism by which the nuclear motion induces the transition, can lead to cooling of the molecule at the transition frequencies corresponding to a mode of E-2g Symmetry. The extent of cooling decreases with increasing pulse width, but even with a pulse width of 90 cm(-1) one still finds significant cooling of the vibrational population. Cooling is also found for deuterated benzene. The energy deposited in the molecule is found to be very sensitive to the excitation frequency, provided that the pulse width is sufficiently narrow.
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(2001) Journal of Chemical Physics. 115, 15, p. 6876-6880 Abstract
The relationship between quantum transition state theory, the mixed quantum classical rate theory and the Hansen-Andersen analytic continuation methods is analyzed. We prove that the first three time derivatives of a coordinate dependent operator are the same in quantum and classical mechanics. As a result, the mixed quantum classical theory, in which the quantum projection operator is replaced by the classical, may be considered as a specific case of the Hansen-Andersen methodology. The same holds true for quantum transition state theory for one dimensional systems, where the exact quantum propagator is replaced by its parabolic barrier approximation. In the multidimensional case, quantum transition state theory errs somewhat in the second nonzero time derivative, however it may be reformulated to assure that it too remains exact for the first two nonzero initial time derivatives. Further systematic improvement of the mixed quantum classical theory may be obtained by including higher order terms in the (h) over bar (2) expansion of the Wigner-Liouville equation. An iterative solution of the integral form of the Wigner-Liouville equation is suggested, which is based on propagation of classical trajectories only. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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(2001) Journal of Chemical Physics. 115, 4, p. 1867-1874 Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer rates depend on the internal energy distribution of the locally excited donor state. This energy distribution may be hot or cold relative to the temperature of the donor in the ground electronic state and is dependent on the photoexcitation frequency. In the activated regime, the electron transfer rate depends exponentially on the temperature of the locally excited donor state. Therefore, the electron transfer rate is sensitive to the photoexcitation frequency. In the activationless regime, even if the vibrational frequencies of the locally excited donor state and the acceptor state differ, the electron transfer rate is rather insensitive to the internal energy distribution of the locally excited donor state. Therefore, changing the photoexcitation frequency does not lead to a significant change in the transfer rate. Model computations are presented to demonstrate this qualitative difference between the two regimes, as well as to confirm that the photoinduced electron transfer rate is well-approximated as a thermal electron transfer rate, but at an effective temperature of the locally excited donor state that depends on the photoexcitation frequency. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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(2001) Journal Of Physical Chemistry B. 105, 28, p. 6500-6506 Abstract
The nature of the nascent vibrational distribution in the excited donor state in photoinduced electron transfer is shown to have a profound effect on the electron-transfer rate. In polyatomic molecules, excitation at wavelengths in the vicinity of the ground state to ground state excitation frequency may lead to significant cooling of the excited vibrational state distribution. This cooling is shown to lead to a slowing down of the electron-transfer rate. A theory for photoinduced electron transfer is developed to include the nonequilibrium nature of the excited donor vibrational distribution. The rate expression is shown to be the standard Golden rule thermal rate expression but at an effective temperature which depends on the ground electronic state temperature and the photoexcitation frequency. A simple numerical model is presented to demonstrate the cooling and control of the electron-transfer rate by variation of the excitation frequency.
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(2001) Journal of Chemical Physics. 114, 22, p. 9741-9746 Abstract
A mixed quantum classical rate theory (MQCLT) is applied to the collinear hydrogen exchange reaction on the LSTH and PK II potential energy surfaces. Classical trajectories are combined with a numerically exact quantum Monte Carlo evaluation of the thermal flux operator to compute the thermal reaction rate. The MQCLT results are compared to quantum transition state theory (QTST) and centroid rate theory computations. The computed rates are found to bound the exact results from above for temperatures ranging from T=200 K to T=1000 K. As in previous studies, the mixed quantum classical theory gives better agreement with numerically exact computations, than the QTST computations, while the added numerical effort is not prohibitive. The MQCLT rate is almost exact at high temperature. At T=200 K it is a factor of 2.8 (2.0) greater than the exact rate on the LSTH (PK II) potential energy surface, a significant improvement over the QTST overestimate of 3.7 (3.4). The mixed quantum classical results are comparable in accuracy to the centroid theory computations, except that the centroid theory is always lower than the exact result while MQCLT is always higher. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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(2001) Chemical Physics. 268, 3-Jan, p. 295-313 Abstract
Two formulations of quantum transition state theory (QTST) for dissipative systems, based on the symmetrized and Kubo form of the thermal flux operator are presented. Numerical results for a symmetric double well potential are compared with the numerically exact results of Topaler and Makri [J. Chem. Phys. 101 (1994) 7500] and with centroid transition state theory. The two forms give similar answers and are similar in accuracy to the centroid theory. QTST however, is found to always bounds the numerically exact result from above. QTST can be further improved, using a variational theory or by using the mixed quantum classical version of the theory. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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(2001) Theoretical Chemistry Accounts. 105, 3, p. 173-181 Abstract
Fourier transforms occur in a variety of chemical systems and processes. A few examples include obtaining spectral information from correlation functions, energy relaxation processes, spectral densities obtained from force autocorrelation functions, etc. In this article, a new functional transform, named the dual propagation inversion (DPI) is introduced. The DPI Functional transform can be applied to a variety of problems in chemistry. such as Fourier transforms of time correlation functions. energy relaxation processes, rate theory. etc, The present illustrative application is to generating the frequency representation of a discrete, truncated time-domain signal. The DPI result is compared with the traditional Fourier transform applied to the same truncated time signal. For both noise-free and noise-corrupted time-truncated signals, the DPI spectrum is found to be more accurate. particularly as the signal is more severely truncated. In the DPI, the distributed-approximating-functional free propagator is used to propagate and denoise the signal simultaneously.
2000
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(2000) Journal of Chemical Physics. 113, 11, p. 4533-4548 Abstract
The "standard" numerical methods used for inverting the Laplace transform are based on a regularization of an exact inversion formula. They are very sensitive to noise in the Laplace transformed function. In this article we suggest a different strategy. The inversion formula we use is an approximate one, but it is stable with respect to noise. The new approximate expression is obtained from a short time expansion of the Bromwich inversion formula. We show that this approximate result can be significantly improved when iterated, while remaining stable with respect to noise. The iterated method is exact for the class of functions of type E(m)e(aE). The method is applied to a harmonic model of the stilbene molecule, to a truncated exponent series, and to the flux-flux correlation function for the parabolic barrier. These examples demonstrate the utility of the method for application to problems of interest in molecular dynamics. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021- 9606(00)00835-7].
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(2000) Journal of Chemical Physics. 112, 9, p. 3938-3941 Abstract
The room temperature photoinduced fluorescence decay of isolated trans-stilbene and trans-stilbene in the presence of 1 atm of Ar gas was measured as a function of the excitation laser frequency. Lifetimes were measured both to the blue and the red of the ground vibrational state of the ground electronic state (S-0) to the ground vibrational state of the S-1 state transition frequency omega(00). The lifetime was found to decrease on both sides of omega(00). The dependence of the decay rate on laser frequency in the presence of Ar gas is much weaker than for the isolated molecule. Both observations corroborate previous theoretical predictions of laser cooling of thermal trans-stilbene upon excitation at the omega(00) frequency. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical analysis. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(00)01809-2].
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(2000) Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 104, 9, p. 1799-1803 Abstract
The recently formulated quantum transition state theory (QTST) in which the quantum projection operator is approximated by its parabolic barrier limit and the symmetrized thermal flux is evaluated numerically exactly, is applied to the collinear hydrogen exchange reaction. The results are found to bound the exact results from above for temperatures ranging from T = 200 K to T = 1000 K. The QTST rate is almost exact at high temperature and is a factor of 3.7 greater than the exact rate at T = 200 K, where there is extensive tunneling. Contour plots of the quantum transition state theory reactive flux reveal that the theory accounts well for the "corner cutting" observed in the collinear hydrogen exchange reaction at low temperatures. These results demonstrate that one may estimate quantum rates of bimolecular reactions, using only thermodynamic information.
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(2000) Annalen der Physik. 9, 10-Sep, p. 764-775 Abstract
The bridge length dependence of the classical transfer rate from donor to acceptor is studied for symmetric bridged systems. The reaction rate is shown to be factorizable into an escape rate from the donor well and a transmission factor through the bridge. As expected for a diffusing particle this transmission factor is inversely proportional to the bridge length, for long bridges. The Pollak-Grabert-Hanggi turnover theory is shown to be applicable for all friction strengths and bridge lengths studied in this paper.
1999
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(1999) Journal of Chemical Physics. 111, 16, p. 7244-7254 Abstract
The recently formulated mixed quantum classical rate theory (MQCLT) is implemented for a model system with two degrees of freedom. In MQCLT, one must compute the Wigner representation of the symmetrized thermal flux operator. This phase space flux distribution is then multiplied by the classical reaction probability to obtain the rate. The major computational difficulty is the multidimensional Fourier transform necessary for obtaining the Wigner distribution. The Fourier transform reintroduces a sign problem when attempting to estimate the MQCLT rate using Monte Carlo methods. Two different methods for overcoming the sign problem are explored in this paper. Numerical results are presented for a model problem of an Eckart barrier coupled bilinearly to a slow oscillator and compared with numerically exact results. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)02740-3].
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(1999) Surface Science. 437, 2-Jan, p. 198-206 Abstract
A theory is presented for the diffusion coefficient and the hopping distribution of an adatom on a surface in the presence of external fields. Relatively simple expressions are derived for the probability of multiple hops in the exponential hopping limit. This limit is the one which is usually found in the diffusion of a metal atom on a metal surface. In this limit the barrier height (in units of k(B)T) is large compared with the bias created by the field and the energy loss of the particle as it traverses from one barrier to the next. The hopping distribution is obtained for constant and time varying fields in the adiabatic limit. Typically, the presence of an external field will increase the probability of long hops. The magnitude of the field needed to appreciably increase the probability of multiple hops is 10(8)-10(9) V m(-1). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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(1999) Journal of Chemical Physics. 110, 24, p. 11890-11905 Abstract
A detailed theoretical study is presented for the vibrational population distribution of polyatomic molecules which results from electronic excitation from a thermal ground state. If the vibrational frequencies of the excited state are lower than the ground-state frequencies and if position shifts are not too large, then there exist excitation frequencies for which the excited-state vibrational distribution will be cooled in comparison to the ground state. An analytic theory for the vibrational distribution in the excited state is obtained by noting that the fast dephasing of a polyatomic molecule after excitation allows for the development of a Gaussian approximation for the excitation process. We show that the equilibrium energy distribution of a polyatomic molecule as well as the nascent distribution after excitation are well approximated as Gaussian. The average energy in the excited state is then found to be a quadratic function of the excitation frequency. If cooling takes place, it will usually be maximal for an excitation frequency which is to the red of the ground electronic state to ground electronic state excitation frequency. Cooling is not necessarily a quantum effect, it may also be found in the classical limit, in which one ignores quantization of the vibrational levels. The generality of the Gaussian approximation opens the way for theoretical treatment of anharmonic polyatomic molecules, using quantum Monte Carlo techniques. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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Numerical inversion of the Laplace transform(1999) Journal of Chemical Physics. 110, 23, p. 11176-11186 Abstract
A generalization of Doetsch's formula [Math. Z. 42, 263 (1937)] is derived to develop a stable numerical inversion of the one-sided Laplace transform (C) over cap (beta). The necessary input is only the values of C ( b) on the positive real axis. The method is applicable provided that the functions (C) over cap (beta) belong to the function space L(alpha)(2) defined by the condition that G(x) = e(x alpha)(C) over cap(e(x)), alpha>0 has to be square integrable. The inversion algorithm consists of two sequential Fourier transforms where the second Fourier integration requires a cutoff, whose magnitude depends on the accuracy of the data. For high accuracy data, the cutoff tends to infinity and the inversion is very accurate. The presence of noise in the signal causes a lowering of the cutoff and a lowering of the accuracy of the inverted data. The optimal cutoff value is shown to be one which leads to an inversion which remains consistent with the original data and its noise level. The method is demonstrated for some model problems: a harmonic partition function, resonant transmission through a barrier, noisy correlation functions, and noisy Monte Carlo generated data for tunneling coefficients obtained via the recently introduced quantum transition state theory (QTST). (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)00421-3].
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(1999) Journal of Chemical Physics. 110, 17, p. 8246-8253 Abstract
A new method is given for the computation of quantum mechanical microcanonical densities of states of large molecules. The method is based on the observation that for large molecules with many vibrational degrees of freedom, the complex time partition function dephases rapidly allowing for a good short-time approximation. The short-time approximation up to third order gives an Airy function expression for the thermal density of states at a given temperature T. The microcanonical density of states is then deduced from the thermal density. The input needed for the method is the first three moments of the Hamiltonian at a series of temperatures, which adequately cover the energy range of interest. These may be computed using quantum Monte Carlo methods. The method is tested for a harmonic model of trans-stilbene, a separable anharmonic model of cyclopropane, and a separable anharmonic model of a system with 50 degrees of freedom. The short-time Airy method is found to give accurate estimates for the density of states, the integrated density of states, and RRKM microcanonical rate constants. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)30616-4].
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(1999) Surface Science. 421, 2-Jan, p. 73-88 Abstract
Kramers' theory is used to derive simple expressions for the hopping distribution in multidimensional activated surface diffusion. The expressions are tested against one- and two-dimensional numerically exact simulations. The present expressions are valid provided that the average energy loss of the particle as it goes from one barrier to the next is of the order of k(B)T or more. The ratio of double hops to single hops is shown to obey an Arrhenius-like behavior, with a prefactor that is proportional to root T The added activation energy is proportional to the average energy loss of the diffusing particle. The magnitude of the energy loss depends on the coupling between modes: the stronger the coupling, the larger the energy loss and the smaller is the multiple hopping probability. The theory is used to analyze recent experiments on the diffusion of the Pt atom on a Pt(110)-(1 x 2) missing row reconstructed surface. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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(1999) Journal of Chemical Physics. 110, 1, p. 80-87 Abstract
A recently formulated quantum transition state theory is applied to scattering over an Eckart barrier coupled bilinearly to a harmonic mode. Results are compared with the numerically exact and the centroid density method computations of McRae ct al. [J. Chem. Phys. 97, 7392 (1992)]. We find that quantum transition state theory is of comparable accuracy to the centroid approximation for all parameter ranges studied. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(98)00347-X].
1998
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(1998) Europhysics Letters. 44, 4, p. 416-422 Abstract
We investigate the motion of an overdamped Brownian particle in a periodic potential with weak thermal noise and a time-periodic unbiased (i.e. [F(t)]= 0) external driving force F(t). By introducing appropriate "waiting-periods", where F(t) vanishes, an arbitrarily strong enhancement of diffusion in a symmetric potential is possible. In asymmetric periodic potentials (ratchets) the net flux of particles can be directed in both directions, even in the absence of thermal noise. For finite temperatures we observe and explain additional, pure-noise-induced flux reversal phenomena.
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(1998) Physical Review E. 58, 5, p. 5436-5448 Abstract
The exact quantum rate may be represented as a phase space trace of a product of two operators: the symmetrized thermal flux operator and a projection operator onto the product space. A semiclassical analysis of the phase space representation of these two operators is presented and used to explain recent results found for a quantum thermodynamic rate theory. For low temperatures, the central object that is responsible for the oscillatory nature of the Bur operator is a periodic orbit on the upside down potential surface whose period is 2 (h) over bar/k(B)T. The semiclassical analysis of the flux distribution explains why a variation of the dividing surface leads to improved thermodynamic rare estimates in asymmetric systems. The semiclassical limit (stationary phase limit) of the projection operator is shown to be identical to the classical projection operator. A semi-classical rate theory is obtained using the product of the semiclassical flux distribution and either the parabolic barrier or the classical projection operator and compared with the exact rate and approximate quantum thermodynamic estimates. [S1063-651X(98)13310-X].
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(1998) Chemical Physics. 235, 3-Jan, p. 131-146 Abstract
Many unimolecular reactions are initiated by photoexcitation of a polyatomic molecule at room temperature from its S-0 ground state to an electronically excited S-1 state. This excitation will generally lead to a nonisothermal initial distribution of energy in the excited state. Collisions with a buffer gas at room temperature tend to reequilibrate the reacting molecule. The ensuing radiative and nonradiative decay will depend on the competition between the energy dependent unimolecular decay rate and the energy relaxation. In this paper we describe a Gaussian binary collision theory which includes all three aspects radiative decay, nonradiative decay and relaxation. The Gaussian property is justified when the reacting species is large enough, i.e. it has a large enough number of degrees of freedom such that the equilibrium distribution of the molecule can be described by a Gaussian. Guided by experimental observation, we adapt a Gaussian transition probability, which is similar to Mel'nikov's, to describe the relaxation dynamics. An analytic solution for the Gaussian master equation is presented. We find that pressure induced decay which is faster than the initial decay rate is an experimental signature of an initial cold distribution of reactants. This signature was observed experimentally in the isomerization of trans-stilbene, Application to the decay dynamics of the trans-stilbene molecule shows that an initial temperature of 230 K for trans-stilbene in the excited S-1 state suffices for good agreement between the theoretical and experimental survival probability measured at a gas temperature of 300 K. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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(1998) Journal of Chemical Physics. 108, 23, p. 9711-9725 Abstract
The exact quantum expression for the thermal rate of reaction is the trace of a product of two operators. It may therefore be written exactly as a phase space integral over the Wigner phase space representations of the two operators. The two are a projection operator onto the product's space, which is difficult to compute, and the symmetrized thermal flux operator, which can be computed using Monte Carlo methods. A quantum transition state theory was presented recently, in which the exact projection operator was replaced by its parabolic barrier limit. Alternatively, the exact projection operator may be replaced by its classical limit. Both approximations give thermodynamic estimates for the quantum rates. In this paper, we derive a perturbation theory expansion for the projection operator about the parabolic barrier limit and the classical limit. The correction terms are then used to evaluate the leading order corrections to the rate estimates based on the parabolic barrier or classical limits of the projection operator. The expansion is applied to a symmetric and an asymmetric Eckart barrier. The first two terms in the expansion give excellent results for temperatures above the crossover between quantum tunneling and thermal activation. For deep tunneling and asymmetric systems, the use of variational transition state theory, the classical limit, and perturbation theory leads to significant improvement in the estimate of the tunneling rate. Multidimensional extensions are presented and discussed. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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Quantum harmonic transition state theory - Application to isomerization of stilbene in liquid ethane(1998) Journal of Chemical Physics. 108, 7, p. 2756-2764 Abstract
A harmonic quantum transition slate theory, suggested recently by Pollak and Gershinsky [in Lectures an Stochastic Dynamics, edited by W. Lutz and T. Poeschel, Lecture Notes in Physics (Springer Verlag, New York, 1997)], is applied for the first time to a realistic reacting system. The isomerization of trans-stilbene in the gas phase and in the presence of dense liquid ethane solvent is investigated. We find that the overall quantum effect at room temperature is rather small. The quantum correction to the classical reaction rate estimate is approximately 23% for gas phase stilbene at room temperature. The addition of the dense solvent lowers the correction down to 13%, thus making the reacting system even more "classical," justifying the extensive use of classical molecular dynamics in investigating this reaction. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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(1998) Journal of Chemical Physics. 108, 7, p. 2733-2743 Abstract
An old challenge in rate theory is the formulation of a quantum thermodynamic theory of rates which gives accurate estimates but does not demand any real time propagation. In this paper we attempt to answer the challenge by extending an idea suggested by Voth, Chandler and Miller [J. Phys. Chem. 93, 7009 (1989)]. A new quantum expression for the rate is derived by replacing the exact time dependent dynamics with the analytically known dynamics of a parabolic barrier and utilizing the symmetrized thermal flux operator.The new rate expression is exact for a parabolic barrier, and leads by derivation rather than by ansatz to a:phase space integration of a Wigner thermal flux distribution function. The semiclassical limit is similar but not identical to Miller's semiclassical transition state theory. Numerical computations on the symmetric and asymmetric one dimensional Eckart barrier give results which are equal to or greater than the exact ones, as expected from a transition state theory. In contrast to other approaches, the present theory is a leading term in an expansion which may be used to systematically improve the results and assess their validity. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.
1997
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(1997) Journal of Chemical Physics. 107, 24, p. 10532-10538 Abstract
This paper presents a continuation of our previous theoretical studies on the rate of isomerization of trans-stilbene from the first excited electronic state based on the potential energy surface of Vachev et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 99, 5247 (1995)]. Harmonic RRKM computations and molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo based classical rates are presented for deuterated isotopes of stilbene as well as hexane clusters of stilbene of varying size. Good agreement with experiment is found for energy dependent rates of d(12) vs h(12) stilbene. However, we find that the rate for d(2) stilbene is greater than for d(10) stilbene in contradiction to the experimental observations. For the hexane clusters we find that addition of hexane molecules causes a systematic decrease in the rate, in agreement with experiment. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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(1997) Journal of Chemical Physics. 107, 9, p. 3542-3549 Abstract
A simple expression is derived for the survival probability of a reactive chemical species which is initially prepared at a temperature which differs from its surrounding. The competition between relaxation of reactants back to the external equilibrium and the possibility of reaction may prevent the usual single exponential kinetics for the survival probability. The theory is accurate for activated reactions with moderate (V double dagger/k(B)T greater than or equal to 3) to high reduced barrier heights. It is especially relevant for multidimensional systems where the characteristic energy at which a molecule dissociates is greater than the barrier height. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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(1997) Journal of Chemical Physics. 107, 1, p. 64-69 Abstract
Analysis of the symmetrized thermal flux operator leads to explicit expressions for its eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. At any point in configuration space one finds two nonzero eigenvalues of opposite sign. The associated eigenfunctions are L-2 integrable. The eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are expressed in terms of the thermal density matrix in the vicinity of the transition state. The positive eigenvalue of the thermal flux operator gives an upper bound to the rate and allows for a formulation of a quantum mechanical variational transition state theory. This new upper bound, though, is only a slight improvement over previous theories. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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(1997) Journal of Chemical Physics. 107, 3, p. 812-824 Abstract
Previous theoretical and experimental investigations of the trans-stilbene isomerization reaction in the excited S-1 state indicated that the gas phase thermal rate at room temperature is much smaller than the thermal rate in the liquid phase. This was based on the observations that: (a) A combination of measured energy-dependent rates and RRKM calculations led to an isolated molecule thermal fate at T = 300 K of 2 x 10(9) s(-1); (b) An experiment of Balk and Fleming [J. Phys. Chem. 90, 3975 (1986)] in which stilbene vapor at 300 It excited at the S-0 to S-1 zero point to zero point electronic transition energy (0(0)(0)), gave a lifetime in the excited state of similar to 780 ps. The liquid state lifetime in ethane is similar to 30 ps. In this paper we present theoretical computations of the rate in the gas and liquid phases, based on a new potential model of Vachev et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 99, 5247 (195)]. We find that: (a) RRKM rates are in agreement with measured energy-dependent rates; (b) The thermal rate derived from the new RRKM rates is the same as the thermal rate in liquid ethane; (c) The laser excitation experiment of Balk and Fleming leads to laser cooling of the excited state suggesting that their measured Lifetime is longer than the lifetime in the liquid. The surrounding liquid heats up the molecule on a time scale which is faster than the isomerization lifetime. Experiments are suggested to verify this interpretation. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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(1997) Journal of Chemical Physics. 106, 18, p. 7678-7699 Abstract
The turnover theory for activated rate processes, is extended to multidimensional systems. The theory derived in this paper accounts for the competition between intramolecular and intermolecular relaxation. The extent of chaotic motion of the system modes directly affects the rate of energy diffusion in the system. The more chaos, the faster the energy diffusion and the larger the rate. The dependence of the rate on the intramolecular coupling strength is well accounted for. The theory is applied to a model two-dimensional system studied previously by Straub and Berne [J. Chem. Phys. 85, 2999 (1986)]. The theory, which is the multidimensional generalization of the one-dimensional Pollak, Grabert, and Hanggi (PGH) turnover theory [J. Chem. Phys. 91, 4073 (1989)] accounts well for the rate even in the case of extreme anisotropic friction. The theory is cast in terms of the collective normal modes of the system and the bath and is thus applicable also to memory friction. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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(1997) Advances in Chemical Physics: Chemical Reactions And Their Control On The Femtosecond Time Scale. 101, p. 141-183 Abstract
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(1997) Advances in Chemical Physics: Chemical Reactions And Their Control On The Femtosecond Time Scale. 101, p. 391-408 Abstract
1996
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(1996) Journal of Chemical Physics. 105, 20, p. 9093-9103 Abstract
Variational transition state theory is used to compute the rate of nonadiabatic electron transfer for a model of two sets of shifted harmonic oscillators. The calculations provide new insight on the suitability of the energy gap as a reaction coordinate. The relationship to the standard generalized Langevin equation model of electron transfer is established, and provides a framework for the application of variational transition state theory in a realistic simulation of electron transfer in a microscopic (nonlinear) bath. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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(1996) Journal of Chemical Physics. 105, 10, p. 4388-4390 Abstract
A theoretical investigation of the experimental measurements of the isomerization rate of trans-stilbene in liquids is presented. Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of the reaction indicate that the predominant solvent effect is in raising the isomerization barrier in the potential of mean force as the solvent density is increased. Dynamic friction effects are small. Good agreement is obtained between the numerical and experimental rates. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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(1996) Physical Review Letters. 77, 13, p. 2662-2665 Abstract
We present a new method for the semiclassical quantization of classically integrable as well as nonintegrable systems. The method is based on the semiclassical approximation of the equilibrium density matrix, using classical trajectories on the upside down potential surface. Periodic orbits do not play any special role. Explicit results are given for the case of the classically chaotic potential kx(2)y(2)/2.
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(1996) Surface Science. 365, 1, p. 159-167 Abstract
A comparison is presented between macroscopic constants relating to the diffusion dynamics of a Cu atom on a Cu surface and their microscopic estimates. Comparison of elastic constants, speed of sound and friction coefficient indicates that a generalized Langevin equation (GLE) description of the diffusion dynamics of the Cu adatom is quite reasonable. This serves as a further justification for the recent GLE-based analysis of the experimental measurement of hopping distributions of metal atoms on metal surfaces.
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(1996) Surface Science. 355, 3-Jan, p. L366-L370 Abstract
In a recent experiment, Senft and Ehrlich (Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(1995) 294) reported the observation of long hops in the migration of Pd on W(211). In this Letter rye consider a possible microscopic mechanism responsible for such hops. We demonstrate that (a) Kramer's theory provides a good framework for analysis of the experimental data; (b) that the measured temperature dependence may be reasonably well accounted for; (c) the experimental results do not unequivocally demonstrate a substantial amount uf long jumps.
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(1996) Journal of Chemical Physics. 104, 17, p. 6547-6559 Abstract
A numerical study of the effect of dissipation on the radiationless transition rate in the adiabatic and solvent-controlled limits is presented. For light particle reactions, the nonlinearity of the potential surface in the vicinity of the barrier top is important, and the potential may be approximated as a cusped double well potential, provided that the nonadiabatic coupling is small compared to the thermal energy. Three different theoretical approaches for calculation of the thermally activated rate are analyzed and compared with exact numerical results. We find that Variational Transition State Theory (VTST) with a planar dividing surface, as well as the approach of Calef and Wolynes (CW), provide a good description of the rate of symmetric reactions. A rate expression suggested by Dekker is found to be the least accurate. The CW approach is most accurate in the strong damping regime, while VTST is better in the weak damping regime. The accuracy of both methods improves as the potential is smoothed. VTST and the CW expression are also found to give a reasonable description of asymmetric reactions, provided that the asymmetry is not too large. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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(1996) Journal of Chemical Physics. 104, 3, p. 1111-1119 Abstract
We develop an expression for the rate of energy relaxation of a nonlinear oscillator coupled to a linear, dissipative bath. This particular type of model has wide applicability to studies of relaxation rates of vibrational modes in chemical systems. The energy relaxation rate is estimated by relating the anharmonic oscillator to an effective harmonic reference system. The theoretical predictions compare favorably with simulation results for the energy relaxation of a Morse oscillator (i) coupled to an Ohmic bath and (ii) coupled to a bath with exponentially decaying friction. The dependence of the initial relaxation rate on the excitation energy of a Morse oscillator is qualitatively different for the two cases. When the oscillator is coupled to an Ohmic bath, the initial relaxation rate decreases as a function of the excitation energy. When exponentially decaying friction is employed, however, the initial relaxation rate is an increasing function of the excitation energy. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.
1995
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(1995) Journal of Chemical Physics. 103, 18, p. 7912-7926 Abstract
A new approach is suggested for evaluation of the radiationless transition rate for the curve-crossing problem in the presence of dissipation. The rate is evaluated by using the conventional Landau-Zener theory but for a collective system-bath coordinate, which is characterized by a maximal mean-free path in the vicinity of the crossing point. Variational transition state theory (TST) is employed for determination of this quasiballistic mode. The resulting uniform rate expression bridges between the known nonadiabatic, solvent controlled and TST limits. The main effect of dissipation is the reduction of the slope difference of the potential of mean force along the quasiballistic mode compared to that along the original reaction coordinate. This results in an increase of the reaction adiabaticity. Application of the theory is illustrated for the symmetric normal crossing of two parabolic diabatic terms with Ohmic dissipation. Explicit results for the rate in the relevant physical limits are derived. The theory is also used to analyze resonant electron transfer reactions in Debye solvents. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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(1995) Journal of Chemical Physics. 103, 19, p. 8501-8512 Abstract
Variational transition state theory (VTST) is applied for the first time to a chemical reaction in a liquid. The theory provides accurate estimates of reaction rates and leads to well defined microscopic friction functions. The structure of the optimized planar dividing surface provides insight into the range of solute-solvent interactions for which there is an appreciable effect on the reaction dynamics. The VTST method also allows for separation of the frictional effects of solvent translation, rotation, and stretch modes. The numerical cost is less than an analogous molecular dynamics reactive flux computation and the insight gained is greater. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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(1995) Journal of Chemical Physics. 103, 20, p. 8910-8920 Abstract
Escape of a particle from a metastable potential, whose motion is governed by the generalized Langevin equation, is a common model of many chemical and physical activated processes in condensed phase. In the intermediate-to-strong damping regime the rate of escape is controlled by the particle dynamics near the barrier top. Since Kramers, the parabolic barrier approximation is commonly used to get the expression for the rate in this regime. We consider the influence of anharmonic corrections to the potential barrier on the quantum rate and get leading order corrections in terms of the inverse barrier height. New terms appearing in the quantum expression for the rate are associated with tunneling through the barrier and become important at low temperatures. The analytic theory is compared with recent numerically exact quantum simulations [M. Topaler and N. Makri, J. Chem. Phys. 101, 7500 (1994)]. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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(1995) Chemical Physics Letters. 242, 2-Jan, p. 54-61 Abstract
Application of the Newton method for locating stable periodic orbits is extended to include nonrotating and rotating triatomic molecules in 3D. A Monte Carlo-Newton method search for stable periodic orbits of the H-3(+) molecular ion at the dissociation energy into H+ + H-2 is presented. Using the convergence volume of the Newton method as an importance criterion, we find that the 'horseshoe' orbit used previously to assign the experimental coarse grained photodissociation spectra of H-3(+) is the most important stable orbit. An additional new stable orbit is also discovered. implications for quantum computations and experimental results are discussed.
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(1995) Journal of Chemical Physics. 103, 3, p. 973-980 Abstract
A quantum theory of activated rate processes applicable to nonlinear potentials of interaction is developed. The central premise is that the rate is determined by the point of maximal quantum free energy separating reactants and products. The quantum free energy is defined in terms of a quantum centroid potential. The resulting rate expressions reduce to known limits for generalized Langevin equations and their Hamiltonian representation. They also reduce in the classical limit to previous results derived using an optimal planar dividing surface classical variational transition-state theory. A saddle-point estimate of the quantum rate leads to a generalization of Wolynes' high temperature rate expression valid for nonlinear system bath interactions and anharmonic baths. Maximizing the free energy leads to a quantum friction function. Application to realistic systems demands the computation only of centroid densities. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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1994
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(1994) Journal of Chemical Physics. 101, 9, p. 7811-7822 Abstract
A general theory is presented for the thermally activated rate constant in systems influenced by spatially dependent and. time correlated friction. The theory is valid at all damping strengths and goes uniformly from the energy diffusion limit to the spatial diffusion limit. Results of the theory for a model system with an exponentially time correlated and spatially dependent friction kernel are compared with results from a numerically exact solution of the equivalent generalized Langevin equation. Predictions of the theory are found to be in excellent agreement with the numerical simulation results. The phenomenon of memory suppression of the rate is observed for long time scale frictions and its modification due to the spatial dependence of the friction is discussed. The effects of spatially dependent friction can be understood through a quantity called the ''average spatial modification'' of the coupling between the reaction coordinate and the environment.
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(1994) Journal of Chemical Physics. 101, 8, p. 7174-7176 Abstract
Variational transition state theory (VTST) is applied for the first time to a realistic simulation of a reaction in a liquid. Rate information is obtained from Monte Carlo thermal classical centroid averages of second derivatives of the full potential of interaction. A well defined friction function is computed and found to be in excellent agreement with previous approximate prescriptions leading to identical rate constants.
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(1994) Physical Review E. 50, 4, p. 2646-2653 Abstract
Activated rate processes are often described in terms of a generalized Langevin equation. The concept of an optimized planar dividing surface in conjunction with variational transition state theory has been demonstrated to be useful in understanding the effects of nonlinearities on reaction rates. A different approach is based on the Rayleigh quotient method, in which one varies the trial functions. We prove a restricted identity of the two methods. The restrictions are that the variational transition state theory method is limited to planar dividing surfaces. The Rayleigh quotient method is restricted to the class of Kramers functions. These functions are constructed by replacing the true potential with a parabolic barrier and using the known eigenfunction for the parabolic barrier. The parameters of the parabolic barrier are used as variational parameters in the Rayleigh quotient for the true nonlinear potential.
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(1994) Journal of Chemical Physics. 101, 6, p. 4778-4789 Abstract
Variational transition state theory (VTST) is applied to the study of the activated escape of a particle trapped in a multidimensional potential well and coupled to a heat bath. Special attention is given to the dependence of the rate constant on the friction coefficients in the case of anisotropic friction. It is demonstrated explicitly that both the traditional as well as the nontraditional scenarios for the particle escape are recovered uniformly within the framework of VTST. Effects such as saddle point avoidance and friction dependence of the activation energy are derived from VTST using optimized planar dividing surfaces.
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(1994) Physical Review E. 49, 6, p. 5098-5102 Abstract
A semiclassical theory for the diffusion of a particle moving on a periodic potential, coupled to a dissipative heat bath, is presented. The resulting expressions for the diffusion coefficient, mean squared path length, and hopping length distribution are valid for memory friction and provide a theory which goes uniformly from the underdamped to the strongly damped limit. In the underdamped damped limit, quantum tunneling and reflection cause the quantum diffusion coefficient to be lower than the classical, leading to an inverse isotope effect; the diffusion of D atoms should be faster than the diffusion of H atoms.
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(1994) Physics Letters B. 327, 2-Jan, p. 67-69 Abstract
It is shown that earlier claims, identifying the so called fundamental subsystem of Yang-Mills classical mechanics as a Kolmogorov K-system, are not true.
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(1994) Journal of Chemical Physics. 100, 8, p. 5894-5904 Abstract
Monte Carlo methods are combined with a Newton method to construct an efficient numerical procedure for locating stable periodic orbits embedded in a largely chaotic system. We find that the Newton method effectively enlarges the basin of attraction of the stable orbit by orders of magnitude relative to the stable region surrounding the orbit. Three variants of the Newton method are tested. We conclude that an all-points finite difference version is the optimal choice. Use of a Monte Carlo search with importance sampling and combined with the Newton method proves to be the most efficient search procedure. Application to the two and three dimensional quartic oscillator leads to previously unknown stable orbits.
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(1994) Chemical Physics. 180, 3-Feb, p. 191-197 Abstract
The turnover theory for activated rate processes is generalized to include multidimensional strongly coupled systems. A uniform expression for the rate, valid for all damping values is derived and applied to numerical simulation results of Straub and Berne. The theory is applicable to both space and time dependent friction.
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(1994) Physical Review E. 49, 2, p. 1216-1224 Abstract
The variational-transition-state theory (VTST) approach to condensed-phase activated-rate processes is extended to include bent planar dividing surfaces. This allows removal of formal divergences which arise when applying VTST, based on simple planar dividing surfaces, to unrestricted potentials. Practical applications are demonstrated for the cubic and strongly asymmetric quartic potentials.
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(1994) Journal of Chemical Physics. 100, 1, p. 334-339 Abstract
Kramers' treatment of activated rate processes is based on the Langevin equation of motion for the escaping particle. The stochastic dynamics may be cast equivalently as the dynamics of a particle interacting bilinearly with a bath of harmonic oscillators. This paper explores the connection between the solutions of Kramers' problem (and its generalization to include memory friction) obtained in the framework of these two approaches. We demonstrate their equivalence for the specific case of a parabolic barrier potential. The Hamiltonian representation is used to construct (a) a nontrivial eigenfunction of the Fokker-Planck equation which is generalized to include time dependent friction; (b) the Kramers' stationary flux distribution function; (c) the stochastic separatrix.
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SUPPRESSION OF ACTIVATED RATE-PROCESSES INDUCED BY SPACE-DEPENDENT, TIME-DEPENDENT AND ANISOTROPIC FRICTION(1994) p. 311-329 Abstract
This paper summarises recent work on rate theory of activated proceses in condensed phases. Various studies have shown that nonlinearities in the potential of the reacting particle or its interaction with the bath may lead to substantial reductions of the rate constant relative to predictions of the standard theories. It is shown that the optimized planar dividing surface variational transition state theory can account correctly for all these observed suppressions.
1993
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(1993) Journal of Chemical Physics. 99, 2, p. 1344-1346 Abstract
The one-dimensional stochastic equation of motion for a particle in the presence of space and time dependent friction involves multiplicative fluctuations and a nonlinear friction kernel. We show how this rather complicated equation may be significantly simplified. Introduction of an auxiliary mode leads to a set of two nonlinearly coupled equations with space and time independent damping. An exact Fokker-Planck equation emerges naturally from this formulation.
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(1993) Journal of Chemical Physics. 98, 12, p. 9532-9543 Abstract
A detailed study of memory and temperature induced suppression of activated rate processes is presented. Numerical computations demonstrate that long memory in the presence of moderate barriers can induce noticeable deviation of the reaction rate constant from the predictions of the Kramers-Grote-Hynes theory. A canonical variational transition state theory, based on finding the optimized planar dividing surface, is shown to account quantitatively for the observed suppression of the rate. The suppression is associated with an almost perpendicular rotation of the optimal dividing surface away from the usual one. A further generalization of the Pollak-Grabert-Hanggi theory for the Kramers turnover is presented and shown to account for the computed rate constants for the whole range of damping at a fixed bath memory time.
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(1993) Chemical Physics Letters. 207, 6-Apr, p. 309-316 Abstract
An analytic theory is presented for the thermally activated rate constant in systems which exhibit spatially dependent and time-correlated friction along the reaction coordinate motion. The theory is valid over the entire range of damping strengths, including in the region of the Kramers turnover. It is compared to the results of computer simulations on a model nonlinear system and excellent agreement is obtained. The present work significantly generalizes existing theories for the activated rate constant which are based on the generalized Langevin equation for the reaction coordinate motion and spatially independent friction.
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(1993) Physical Review Letters. 70, 21, p. 3299-3302 Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy observations of long hops in the diffusion of Pb atoms on Ge surfaces are explained by the model of a Brownian particle in a periodic potential. The classical turnover theory for barrier crossing predicts a large correlated hopping probability in the under-damped limit, consistent with experiment and in agreement with simulations. The corresponding quantum theory predicts that in the underdamped limit the rate is dominated by tunneling. This causes the quantum correlated hopping probability to vanish in this limit and may be thought of as a new form of quantum localization.
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(1993) Chemical Physics. 170, 3, p. 265-273 Abstract
A quantum version of classical variational transition state theory suggested by McLafferty and Pechukas is refined. In this new quantum version, the variational property of the theory leads to the identification of an optimal smeared dividing surface. This optimal function is shown to be the eigenfunction associated with the lowest eigenvalue of a positive quantum transition state theory operator. The lowest eigenvalue is the optimal bound on the quantum rate. Application of the theory to the parabolic barrier provides better bounds but does not give an essential improvement when compared to previous quantum transition state theories.
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(1993) Physical Review E. 47, 2, p. 922-933 Abstract
A dynamically corrected variational transition-state theory is formulated for the thermally activated escape of a particle trapped in a potential well separated from a different well or continuum by a barrier and coupled to a heat bath. The theory is based on the Hamiltonian-equivalent formulation of the generalized Langevin equation. The dynamical corrections are obtained by utilizing the reactive-flux method in which the choice of dividing surface is guided by minimization of the transition-state flux. Analytic correction formulas, valid for memory friction, are obtained for the Kramers-Grote-Hynes estimate of the rate in the range from moderate friction to the large-friction limit. The analytic expansion is in terms of the inverse barrier height (1/betaV(double-dagger)). For the special case of an extended Smoluchowski equation containing finite damping corrections, the exact expansion is also obtained using the mean-first-passage-time formulation. The dynamically corrected variational transition-state-theory expansion is shown to be identical to the mean-first-passage-time result.
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(1993) Physical Review E. 47, 1, p. R21-R23 Abstract
It is demonstrated that a recent finite-barrier expansion for jump rates accounts quantitatively for the observed discrepancy between numerically determined exact rates and the Kramers estimates of these rates.
1992
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(1992) Journal of Chemical Physics. 97, 4, p. 2422-2437 Abstract
The variational transition state theory approach for dissipative systems is extended in a new direction. An explicit solution is provided for the optimal planar dividing surface for multidimensional dissipative systems whose equations of motion are given in terms of coupled generalized Langevin equations. In addition to the usual dependence on friction, the optimal planar dividing surface is temperature dependent. This temperature dependence leads to a temperature dependent barrier frequency whose zero temperature limit in the one dimensional case is just the usual Kramers-Grote-Hynes reactive frequency. In this way, the Kramers-Grote-Hynes equation for the barrier frequency is generalized to include the effect of nonlinearities in the system potential. Consideration of the optimal planar dividing surface leads to a unified treatment of a variety of problems. These are (a) extension of the Kramers-Grote-Hynes theory for the transmission coefficient to include finite barrier heights, (b) generalization of Langer's theory for multidimensional systems to include both memory friction and finite barrier height corrections, (c) Langer's equation for the reactive frequency in the multidimensional case is generalized to include the dependence on friction and the nonlinearity of the multidimensional potential, (d) derivation of the non-Kramers limit for the transmission coefficient in the case of anisotropic friction, (e) the generalized theory allows for the possibility of a shift of the optimal planar dividing surface away from the saddle point, this shift is friction and temperature dependent, (f) a perturbative solution of the generalized equations is presented for the one and two dimensional cases and applied to cubic and quartic potentials.
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(1992) Journal of Chemical Physics. 96, 12, p. 8877-8888 Abstract
A numerical solution for the canonical variational dividing surface of two degree of freedom conservative systems is presented. The method is applied to reaction rates in dissipative systems whose dynamics is described by a generalized Langevin equation. Applications include a cubic and a quartic well using Ohmic and memory friction. For Ohmic friction, we find that in almost all cases, curvature of the optimal dividing surface may be neglected and the Kramers spatial diffusion limit for the rate is in practice an upper bound. For a Gaussian memory friction and a cubic oscillator, we compare the present theory with numerical simulations and other approximate theories presented by Tucker et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 95, 5809 (1991)]. For the quartic oscillator and exponential friction, we discover a strong suppression of the transmission coefficient and the reaction rate whenever the reduced static friction is of the same order of the reduced memory time. We also show that in this case, there is a strong suppression of the energy diffusion process in the reactants' well.
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(1992) PHYSICA D. 56, 4, p. 368-380 Abstract
A numerical method aimed at locating stable periodic orbits in strongly chaotic systems is presented. The method is based on the selection of trajectory segments which are characterized by a relatively low positive local Lyapunov exponent. Once such a selection is made, convergence to stable (or weakly unstable) periodic orbits is obtained by a Newton method. The algorithm is rather general and can be used for systems with more than two degrees of freedom. The proposed approach is tested on the quartic oscillator model and on the potential of the hydrogen atom in a strong magnetic field. In the latter case new stable periodic orbits are found in the region of strong chaotic motion. The possible quantum localization on these orbits is discussed briefly.
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(1992) Journal of Statistical Physics. 66, 4-Mar, p. 975-990 Abstract
Upper bounds for the classical escape rate of a particle trapped in a metastable well and interacting with a dissipative medium are derived based on the periodic orbits of a reduced two-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian involving the unstable normal mode and a collective bath mode. It is shown that even in what is usually thought of as the spatial diffusion limit the reactive flux can involve an energy diffusion term due to energy transfer from the dissipative media, in addition to the standard spatial diffusion term.
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1991
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(1991) Journal of Physical Chemistry. 95, 25, p. 10235-10240 Abstract
New developments in the application of variational transition-state theory to activated rate processes in dissipative media are reported. A variational solution for the optimal dividing surface in configuration space is found. The canonical flux is proportional to the classical action along a classical trajectory evolving under the dynamics of a temperature-dependent 2 degrees of freedom Hamiltonian. This result is of general validity for 2 degrees of freedom systems and so of interest also for thermal reaction rates in conservative systems. An application of variational transition-state theory to a cubic oscillator in the presence of ohmic dissipation is presented. Here, the dividing surface is curved; however, we find that the Kramers estimate for the rate is valid for almost all parameter regimes.
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(1991) Journal of Chemical Physics. 95, 8, p. 5809-5826 Abstract
Rate constants evaluated from (1) the energy-loss turnover theory of Pollak, Grabert, and Hanggi (PGH), (2) the Grote-Hynes extension of Kramers theory (GH), and (3) the microcanonical variational transition state theory for dissipative systems of Tucker and Pollak (mu-VTST) are compared with rate constants determined from direct computer simulations of generalized Langevin dynamics. The comparisons are made for a cubic oscillator under the influence of a slow bath characterized by a Gaussian friction kernel. In the mu-VTST calculations, which are based on an effective two degree of freedom Hamiltonian, barrier crossing due to energy transfer from the bath to the effective Hamiltonian is neglected. This neglect is significant only at very strong coupling, where it causes the mu-VTST results to drop below the simulation results. Both GH and mu-VTST theories fail (as expected) in the energy diffusion regime, while PGH theory is only moderately successful. The mu-VTST results agree extremely well with the simulation results in the spatial diffusion regime, providing a significant improvement over the GH results at intermediate coupling strengths and over the PGH results at strong coupling strengths. This improvement is a result of nonlinear effects which are included in the mu-VTST approach but neglected in the PGH and GH theories.
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(1991) Journal of Chemical Physics. 95, 1, p. 533-539 Abstract
A generalization of the Kramers-Grote-Hynes theory for reaction rates in the spatial diffusion limit is derived for a general class of Hamiltonians. Previous restrictions to harmonic baths and bilinear system bath couplings are removed. The key ingredient is the systematic use of variational transition state theory (VTST) to identify the optimal dividing surface. A pair of collective modes are defined as a linear combination of all system and bath modes. A free energy surface is defined in the two degree of freedom collective mode phase space. The VTST estimate for the rate of reaction on this surface is shown to be an upper bound to the exact rate. The optimal definition of the collective modes is obtained by minimizing the rate. The resulting rate expression is formally identical to the Kramers-Grote-Hynes theory. However, the minimization procedure leads to a new definition of the time dependent friction. In consistence with transition state theory, this time dependent friction is constructed from equilibrium properties of the composite system and does not call for any dynamical computations. The friction parameters are determined from equilibrium centroid averages of partial derivatives of the full potential at the barrier of the potential of mean force. This removes previous ambiguities as to the definition of time dependent friction in condensed matter systems. A procedure is presented for finding collective modes along which the friction exerted by the bath is minimized. This result may be of substantial interest in the study of complex dynamical systems in biology, chemistry, and physics.
1990
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(1990) PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES. 332, 1625, p. 343-359 Abstract
Keywords: Multidisciplinary Sciences
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(1990) Journal of Chemical Physics. 93, 2, p. 1116-1124 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1990) Journal of Chemical Physics. 92, 5, p. 3005-3017 Abstract
Two degrees of freedom quantum mechanical calculations on the bound states of H+3 are presented. Two different potential energy surfaces are employed. The effect of rotational excitation is analyzed. For J=0, the high energy region is composed largely of states that cannot be assigned. However, two regularly spaced series are observed, corresponding to ‘‘horseshoe’’ states predicted previously by classical calculations. In addition we find a new assignable series of inverted hyperspherical states. Conversely, for high orbiting angular momentum (l=20) in which the proton rotates about the diatom, assignable normal mode states persist up to dissociation. Semiclassical periodic orbit quantization is found to give excellent agreement for the regular quantum states. The significance of these results for the interpretation of the H+3 photodissociation spectrum is discussed.
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(1990) Journal of Chemical Physics. 92, 6, p. 3377-3386 Abstract
A study of the bound states of the H+3 molecular ion at zero total angular momentum is presented. Wave functions are shown for the accurate ab initio Meyer–Botschwina–Burton potential energy surface and the more approximate diatomics in molecules (DIM) surface. The qualitative behavior is similar for the two potentials. The analytic form of the DIM surface enables a study that reaches energies as high as the dissociation threshold. Quantum states are found to localize regularly around the horseshoe periodic orbits found in previous classical studies. There is good agreement between a semiclassical periodic orbit quantization formula and the exact quantum energies. The antisymmetric stretch frequency with respect to the orbit is estimated classically and quantum mechanically and found to be in agreement with a previous estimate. A three‐dimensional stability analysis of the horseshoe orbit is presented and used as a basis for the semiclassical theory. The implications on the assignment of the coarse grained photodissociation spectrum measured by Carrington and Kennedy are discussed.
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1989
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(1989) Accounts of Chemical Research. 22, 6, p. 223-229 Abstract
The word “metastable” has traditionally been used to denote states that decay with a much slower rate than what is “normally” expected. For example, in atomic spectroscopy, states that emit photons of visible light at a rate much slower than the usual 108 s'1 are called metastables. Metastability in atomic spectroscopy is generally due to selection rules.Mass spectra of molecular ions consist of fragmentation patterns of a mother ion, generally produced by electron impact or by laser photoionization. Mother ions that undergo slow decay (i.e., in microseconds instead of picoseconds) are called metastable ions,1,2 and they are observable as fractional masses in the mass spectrometer. Metastable unimolecular decay of excited neutral molecules is also expected, but measurement is more difficult than in ion fragmentation. However, in principle there is no difference between neutrals and ions in the dynamics described below.
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(1989) Journal of Chemical Physics. 90, 10, p. 5406-5419 Abstract
The photodissociation spectrum of H+3 is studied using classical mechanical methods. Tunneling rates and product translational energies are computed for a large range of total angular momentum and energy. We predict that the experimentally measured spectrum of Carrington and Kennedy is dominated by low total angular momentum and low energy (relative to dissociation). There is an almost one to one correspondence between the measured product translational energy and the total angular momentum. The classical dipole spectrum of chaotic trajectories is found to be relatively structureless, changes slowly with total J, and does not show any correspondence or indication of the experimentally measured regular structure found in the coarse grained spectrum. We conclude that the regularity found in the coarse grained spectrum should be associated with a stable manifold of trajectories. We find that the horseshoe periodic orbit previously found to be stable at J=0 exists also for nonzero J and is stable with respect to small perturbations in 3D. The rotational constant of the rotating horseshoe is 30 cm−1 in interesting agreement with the experiment. The properties of the rotating horseshoe are studied in detail, a novel adiabatic switching method is used to study the stability of the orbit. A quantum formalism of Taylor and Zakrzewski that shows how periodic orbits may cause structure in quantal spectra is used to indicate why the features of the rotating horseshoe orbit may appear in the coarse grained spectrum. The experimental coarse grained features are interpreted as an R branch of the ν3 mode of the rotating horseshoe.
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CLASSICAL MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL HIGH-ENERGY SPECTRUM OF THE SODIUM TRIMER MOLECULE(1989) Physical Review Letters. 62, 18, p. 2096-2099 Abstract
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NORMAL MODE SOLUTION FOR FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT DAMPING OF A FREE PARTICLE(1989) Israel Journal of Chemistry. 29, 4, p. 355-359 Abstract
1988
1987
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(1987) Chemical Physics Letters. 138, 2-3, p. 125-130 Abstract
It is shown that chaotic trajectories embedded in the continuum of the H+
3 molecule may be described as a loosely bound H+ + H2 vibrating rotating complex. -
ORDER OUT OF CHAOS IN THE H-3+ MOLECULE(1987) Chemical Physics Letters. 138, 3-Feb, p. 125-130 Abstract
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1986
1985
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(1985) Journal of Chemical Physics. 82, 10, p. 4500-4508 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1985) Surface Science. 149, 1, p. 146-156 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter
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(1985) Chemical Physics. 99, 1, p. 15-33 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1985) Journal of Chemical Physics. 83, 6, p. 2851-2856 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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1984
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(1984) Chemical Physics Letters. 111, 4-5, p. 473-480 Abstract
The equivalence of classical microcanonical vibrational sudden and adiabatic transition state theory is established. An optimal coordinate system for the sudden theory is defined by periodic orbit dividing surfaces.
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1983
1982
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TRANSITION-STATE THEORY AND BEYOND - A CONSTRAINED PHASE-SPACE APPROACH(1982) Berichte Der Bunsen-Gesellschaft-Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 86, 5, p. 458-464 Abstract
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(1982) Chemical Physics. 70, 3, p. 207-221 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1982) Chemical Physics Letters. 86, 1, p. 26-32 Abstract
Isotopic substitution of hydrogen by muonium in the collinear H + H2 reaction causes dramatic changes in the resonance patterns of the quantum reaction probabilities. These changes are explained by a classical model. Using the systems' resonant orbits, we show that resonances appear close to energetic thresholds of new vibrational channels.
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1981
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(1981) The Journal of chemical physics. 76, 12, p. 5843-5848 Abstract
A quasiclassical model with no adjustable parameters is proposed for analysis of resonance widths of collinear atom-diatom reactions. We find two important contributions to the widths. One comes from tunneling through adiabatic exit channel barriers. The other involves the stability frequency of resonant periodic orbits. This frequency, if it is imaginary, is a measure of the nonadiabatic coupling in the system. We find that the resonances of the H+HH exchange reaction are determined by this nonadiabatic coupling. The higher lying resonances of the H+MuH system are controlled by the tunneling mechanism. We find that the resonant periodic orbit of the HMuH reaction is stable over a large energy range. The implications of this stability on analysis of quantal computations are discussed in detail.
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1980
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(1980) Journal of Chemical Physics. 72, 4, p. 2484-2494 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1980) Journal of Chemical Physics. 73, 9, p. 4365-4372 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1980) Journal of Chemical Physics. 73, 9, p. 4373-4380 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1980) Journal of Chemical Physics. 72, 3, p. 1669-1678 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
1979
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(1979) The Journal of chemical physics. 72, 5, p. 2990-2997 Abstract
Statistical theories are particularly appropriate when one can define a strong interaction regime. We consider the distribution of classical trajectories which enter or exit from this regime. That distribution of trajectories which is of maximal entropy subject only to total conservation of flux is shown to lead to the familiar "phase-space" expression for the reaction probability. By including more refined conservation conditions as constraints one obtains improved statistical theories. As an example the "unified" statistical theory of Miller and the Hirschfelder-Wigner expression for the reaction probability are derived by imposing one more conservation constraint. Transition state theory is derived as a special case corresponding to a particular, extreme, numerical value of the constraint. Phase-space theory is obtained when the value of the constraint is at the other extreme (in which case the constraint is not informative). Essentially, exact results for the reaction probability in the collinear H+H2 reactive collision are obtained using two conservation conditions (beside the conservation of total flux). In general, it is shown that the procedure is variational, i.e., that including additional constraints can only improve the results.
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(1979) Journal of Chemical Physics. 70, 1, p. 325-333 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1979) Journal of Chemical Physics. 70, 8, p. 3995-3996 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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1978
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(1978) Journal of the American Chemical Society. 100, 10, p. 2984-2991 Abstract
For many years there has been some question whether one should correct for the effects of molecular symmetry, in the rate expressions of transition state theory, by simply using symmetry numbers, as one does in the equilibrium expressions of statistical thermodynamics; several authors have asserted that the correct rate expressions should instead contain “statistical factors”, which are dynamically defined numbers characteristic of the reaction mechanism. We show that the use of symmetry numbers is always correct, and that statistical factor rate expressions—when they differ from their symmetry number counterparts—are wrong. Special attention is given to reactions involving optically active species, and to symmetric reactions, where it is easy to make mistakes in writing down transition state theory rate expressions. The implications for the Boensted relationsof acid-base catalysis are discussed.
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(1978) Journal of Chemical Physics. 69, 3, p. 1218-1226 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1978) Journal of Chemical Physics. 68, 2, p. 547-554 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
1977
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(1977) Chemical Physics. 21, 1, p. 61-80 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1977) Chemical Physics. 22, 1, p. 151-166 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1977) Chemical Physics Letters. 47, 3, p. 513-516 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
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(1977) Journal of Chemical Physics. 67, 12, p. 5976-5977 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
1976
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(1976) Chemical Physics Letters. 39, 2, p. 199-204 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
1975
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(1975) Chemical Physics Letters. 33, 2, p. 201-206 Abstract
Keywords: Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
1974
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(1974) PHYSICS REVIEW A. 9, 6, p. 2398-2408 Abstract
Keywords: Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical