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Biomineralization

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Sea Urchin ToothSea Urchin Tooth: Chewing part of the sea urchin tooth.
It is composed of thin fibers of low Mg calcite embedded in a matrix of small crystals containing high Mg calcite.
The latter may have 30% or more Mg.
For more information see Wang et al, 1997, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 352, 469-480.
Forming surface of human lamellar boneForming surface of human lamellar bone, showing the plywood like motif of the lamellae.

For more information see Weiner and Wagner 1988, Annual Review of Materials Science 28, 271-298.

Ascidian dogbone spiculeAscidian dogbone spicule composed of a core of amorphous calcium carbonate and an outer layer of calcite. For more information see Aizenberg et al, JACS 124, 32-39. Neopilina mollusk shell
Neopilina mollusk shell, showing the apex which includes the larval shell, and the aragonitic prisms at the rim. Neopilina is a primitive mollusk with segmented body parts.
Mineralized collagen fibrilMineralized collagen fibril from a turkey tendon viewed in TEM. The plate-shaped crystals are located in layers within the mineralized fibril. For more information see Weiner and Wagner 1988, Annual Review of Materials Science 28, 271-298 fish Lapillus

Aragonitic otolith from the fish Lapillus, showing the spherulitic internal structure.

Mytilus californianus

Prismatic layer of Mytilus californianus
showing the organic matrix envelope that surrounds individual prisms.
Each prism is a crystal of calcite.

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