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Chapter 1. Introduction
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1.1
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Why bromine? |
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1.2
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Bromine and its properties |
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The discovery of bromine |
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Chemical reactions of bromine |
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1.3
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From bromine to its compounds |
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Historical review |
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Milestones |
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The rise and fall of EDB (Ethylene Dibromide) |
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Milestones |
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Is there a future for bromine after EDB? |
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1.4 |
Bromine throughout the world |
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Distribution of bromine |
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Global production of bromine |
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Global production of bromine compounds |
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Chapter 2. Bromine from the Dead Sea
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2.1 |
Bromine from the Dead Sea. Why? |
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2.2 |
Weighing the pros and cons of building up the bromine industry in Israel |
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Milestones |
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Concepts studied in Chapters 1 and 2 |
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Questions about Chapters 1 and 2 |
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Chapter 3. How is bromine produced?
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3.1 |
Introduction |
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3.2 |
How is chlorine produced in the laboratory? |
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3.3 |
How is bromine produced in the laboratory? |
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Step A: Preparation of chlorine |
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Step B: Reaction to form bromine |
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Step C: Separation of the bromine |
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3.4 |
Safety in the laboratory |
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3.5 |
From laboratory to industrial production of bromine |
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Choosing raw materials |
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Choosing construction materials |
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Quantitative aspects of the process |
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Degree of product purity |
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Energy costs |
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3.6 |
How is chlorine produced industrially? |
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3.7 |
Bromine production at Sdom - How is bromine produced industrially? |
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The bromine-generating step |
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Bromine separation steps |
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3.8 |
Construction materials in the bromine plant |
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3.9 |
Production safety, storage, transportation and use of bromine |
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General |
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Hazards of bromine |
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Safe production of bromine |
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Safe handling of bromine leakage |
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Safe storage of bromine |
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Safe transportation of bromine |
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Safe use of bromine |
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Concepts studied in Chapter 3 |
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Questions about Chapter 3 |
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Chapter 4. From idea to product
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4.1 |
General principles of product development |
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General |
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Testing the idea |
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From idea to laboratory |
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From laboratory to production |
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Main variables taken into account in the scaling up process |
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Raw materials |
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Reaction conditions and reaction rate |
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Equipment and installations |
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Energy |
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Batchwise or continuous process? |
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Output and yield |
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Degree of Product Purity |
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Saving on inputs |
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Spectrum - The Bromine Compounds pilot plant |
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4.2 |
How to achieve overall quality? |
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Control, quality control, quality assurance and environmental considerations |
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4.3 |
Preservation of safety and environment |
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General |
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In industry |
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4.4 |
Toxicology and product registration |
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4.5 |
Industrial waste treatment |
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General |
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Biological treatment |
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Concepts studied in Chapter 4 |
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Questions about Chapter 4 |
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Chapter 5. Production of bromine compounds
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General |
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5.1 |
Production of hydrogen bromide, HBr |
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Stage A: The hydrogen bromide reaction |
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Stage B: Removal of bromine |
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Stage C: Hydrogen bromide absorption in water |
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5.2 |
Production of Calcium Bromide, CaBr2 (solution and solid) |
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Stage A: Reaction |
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Stage B: Filtration |
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Stage C: Evaporation |
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Stage D: Filtration |
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Stage E: Drying |
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Safety |
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5.3 |
Production of sodium bromate, NaBrO3, and potassium bromate, KBrO3 |
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Stage A: Reaction |
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Stage B: Separation of crystals from solution (and treatment of crystals) |
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Stage C: Electrolysis |
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Stage D: Grading the crystals |
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5.4 |
Production of bromomethane, CH3Br (methyl bromide) |
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Stage A: Reaction |
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Stage B: Purification |
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Stage C: Condensation |
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Stage D: Storage and packaging |
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Summary |
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Concepts studied in Chapter 5 |
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Questions about Chapter 5 |
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Chapter 6. Applications of bromine and its compounds
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General |
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6.1 |
Bromine compounds in agriculture |
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The global food problem |
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Pest control |
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Bromine compounds as pesticides |
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How is methyl bromide used? |
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Considerations of the use of methyl bromide |
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Possible solutions? |
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Milestones |
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6.2 |
Biologically active bromine compounds (biocides) |
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Introduction |
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Use of halogens and related compounds as disinfectants |
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Chlorine as biocide |
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Combined bromine and chlorine biocides |
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6.3 |
Flame-retardants |
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Introduction |
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Fire and its hazards |
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Carbon compounds burning process - example of a chain reaction |
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Fire extinguishing |
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Flame-retardation and working mechanisms of flame-retardants |
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How are flame-retardants incorporated in products? |
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Additive flame-retardants |
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Reactive flame-retardants |
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Choosing a flame-retardant |
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6.4 |
Brominated drilling fluids |
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6.5 |
Bromine compounds in photography |
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6.6 |
Use of lithium bromide, LiBr, for cooling systems |
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6.7 |
Applications of bromates |
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6.8 |
Bromine compounds as intermediates and for medical and other uses |
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Concepts discussed in Chapter 6 |
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Questions about Chapter 6 |
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Summary
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