Events

Lecture

Maritime silver trade in the Levant during the Iron Age and its effect on human pollution

Organizer: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Speaker: Yigal Erel

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Date: Sunday, June 7, 2020 Hour: 11:00 Location:

Lecture

Life and death in a pinch of salt: chronology, sedimentology, and geobiology of the Messenian Salinity Crisis deposits in the deep Levant Basin

Organizer: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences

Speaker: Aaron Meilijson

Abstract: The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC; 5.97-5.33 Ma) is considered an extreme environmental event driven by changes in climate and tectonics, which affected global ocean salinity and shaped the biogeochemical composition of the Mediterranean Sea. Yet, after more than 50 years of research, MSC chronology and events remains controversial. Recently drilled offshore wells in the Levant Basin retrieved for the first time a complete sedimentary record of the deep-basin Mediterranean MSC salt deposits and the underlying Pre-Evaporite unit. Analysis of this dataset changes the way these deposits have been perceived since the 1970’s, when they were first penetrated in their uppermost part during DSDP expeditions. Using sedimentology, chemistry, seismic interpretation, biostratigraphy, and astronomical tuning we show that Messinian salt deposition in the Eastern Mediterranean began during stage 1, and not stage 2 of the MSC. In contrast to the present paradigm, salt was deposited synchronously with gypsum deposition in the marginal and intermediate-depth basins. This occurred significantly earlier than the 50 kyr interval coined as the ‘MSC acme event’, ~300 kyr after the crisis began. The one-kilometer-thick lower part of the evaporitic unit is composed of essentially pure halite, except for a thin transitional anhydrite layer at its base. The halite is undisturbed and homogeneous, lacking diverse features apparent in more proximal sections, indicating a deep-sea depositional environment. We find that distinct, meters-thick non-evaporitic intervals interbedded with the halite, previously thought to be clastic layers, are diatomites. While XRD analysis confirms an increase in clastic components in these sediments, they are composed primarily of well-preserved marine and freshwater planktonic diatoms. The occurrence of marine planktonic diatoms in these intervals indicates the input of Atlantic waters into the Mediterranean Basin during the deposition of the massive halite unit. In the second part of this talk I will couple lipid biomarker analysis with faunal and taxonomic evaluation of the diatom assemblages to try and answer the following question: why do we see this extreme abundance of diatoms, but a complete absence of calcareous-shelled forms of life within the MSC salt deposits? This study demonstrates that brine formation, salt precipitation, and faunal extinction occurred at least in part in a deep, non-desiccated basin, with a restricted yet open Mediterranean-Atlantic connection that allowed inflow of oceanic water. A coeval onset of basinal halite and marginal gypsum precipitation calls for a revaluation of global-scale climatic and oceanographic models of the MSC, while substantially altering our understanding of the mechanisms governing the deposition of salt giants.