Events

Abstract: Layered halite sequences were deposited in deep hypersaline basins throughout the geological record. These sequences are of research interest for hydrocarbon extraction, mineral exploration, tectonics and structural geology and paleoclimate research. Modern analogs and the processes leading to deposition of thick halite sequences were studied only through analyses of the common modern, shallow environments, which are fundamentally different in their nature from halite-depositing, deep waterbodies. Thus, the spatiotemporal evolution of halite sequences remained ambiguous. I will present, first, a study of the active precipitation of halite layers from the only modern analog in the world for deep, halite-precipitating basin; the hypersaline Dead Sea. Then the implications of these results to the geological record will be emphasized. Novel in situ observations in the Dead Sea link seasonal hydroclimatic conditions, thermohaline stratification, halite saturation, and the characteristics of the actively forming halite layers. The main findings of this study are: (a) Halite deposition dynamics is directly related to the development of the thermohaline stratification and it is primarily temperature controlled; it is counter-intuitive to the common approach that focus on the role of the hydrological budget in the study of hypersaline environments. (b) A pronounced depth dependency of the degree of halite saturation and halite deposition. (c) A well-defined seasonality of halite deposition on the deep lakefloor. (d) Preferential halite accumulation at the deep, hypolimnetic lake floor (>25m depth) due to intensive halite dissolution at the shallow epilimnetic lakefloor, and its re-deposition at depth, in a process termed “halite focusing”. (e) Halite accumulates at high rates in the deep lakefloor, doubling (or even more) the expected thickness without halite focusing. (f) Freshwater inflows further amplify halite thickness at the drier parts of the lake. These findings provide insights and quantify the processes required for reconstructing past hypersaline environments from halite sequences, in the Dead Sea and worldwide. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Sand seas on Mars are riddled with eolian landforms created by accumulating sand particles. When the sand supply is limited and the wind is approximately unidirectional, these landforms take the shape of crescentic barchan dunes, whose slip-faces are approximately perpendicular to the dominant wind direction, and their horns are oriented downwind. The morphology of barchan dunes is thus routinely used to infer wind conditions on Mars by manually analyzing aerial or satellite imagery. Despite the effectiveness of this technique on a local scale, employing it on a global scale remained challenging thusfar - as manually outlining individual dunes globally is impractical, and automatic detection methods have been largely ineffective at accurately segmenting dunes in images. Here we use Mask R-CNN, an instance segmentation convolutional neural network, to detect and outline dunes globally on Mars in images obtained by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Context Camera (MRO CTX). We measure the morphometrics of dunes from their detected outlines, and infer the direction of the winds that formed them. By comparing the global wind distribution we derived to a global climate model, we study Mars' past and recent climate, and constrain global sand mobility thresholds which offer insight into the erosion and dust lifting capabilities of the atmosphere of the Red Planet. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Near the ocean surface, mixing and turbulence modulate the transfer of heat, momentum, carbon and other properties, between the atmosphere and ocean interior. Accurate representation of these processes in General Circulation Models (GCMs) is crucial for simulating atmosphere-ocean interactions. However, all of these processes, generally known as boundary layer turbulence and submesoscale mixing, are on scales smaller than the grid used in GCMs, even at the highest possible resolution. Current submesoscale parameterizations represent the bulk of mixing developed across submesoscale fronts– the sharp interface between waters of different densities– but it has been shown to be too simplistic and unfitting in many circumstances. The presence of turbulence has been missing from these dynamics, and in this talk I will discuss the long-lasting problem of how to correctly include them. 
Building toward a more complete understanding of these processes, a theoretical approach of perturbation analysis is used to include the effects of turbulence as a correction to classic frontogenesis (frontal sharpening) theory. This approach is next extended into a more realistic environment, using a suite of high resolution, turbulence resolving, numerical simulations. It is found that a variety of turbulent processes resulting from winds, waves, convection, and instabilities affect the formation of fronts. Furthermore, this analysis exposes severe limitations in existing techniques to predict potential vorticity dynamics in highly turbulent regimes. Lastly, I will discuss modifying the submesoscale parameterization in GCMs to represent the complex interactions with boundary layer turbulence. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a circulation pattern of great climatic importance. Its northward heat flux at the upper water column moderates European winter climate, and its descending branch captures atmospheric CO2 into the deep ocean, hence buffering the anthropogenically induced rise in global temperature. The Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) has classically been considered to be the main AMOC conduit southward at depth. However, tracer data have shown in recent decades that the DWBC "leaks" most of its material to the ocean interior in a small region of the North Atlantic, and that this leaked material continues southward in different, complex routes. These pathways and their causes are still little-explored and not well understood. In this talk I will present analysis of the DWBC leakiness properties and dynamics, based on existing datasets of passively drifting floats, a new high resolution regional numerical model, and theoretical analysis. Several alternative mechanisms of leakiness are considered, and a novel finding is that a leading cause for the leakiness is inertial separation of the current from the seafloor, near underwater capes. The role of eddies and their interaction with the separation process is investigated as well. Implications for the robustness of the deep AMOC pathways are discussed. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: The rapid retreat of the Dead Sea during the past decades led the exposure of unique structures of massive gypsum and aragonite crusts: large capes pointing towards the open lake (termed here “gypsum deltas”) and numerous small gypsum mounds scattered on the lake’s exposed shores. Geological field relations, 14C and 34S measurements and thermodynamic calculations provide evidence that the gypsum deltas and the mounds were formed during time-intervals of low lake stands (~420±10 m below mean sea level), when sulfate-rich Ca-chloride brines discharged from the coastal aquifer via saline springs, mixed with the Dead Sea brine and precipitated the gypsum. This mixing process describes a mechanism of “gypsum outsalting”, which is completely different from the conventional view of gypsum as a product of evaporative deposition. Condition for enhanced saline springs discharge and “gypsum outsalting” occurred in the mid to late Holocene period (~ 6.6 to 0.6 ka), and were mainly intensive at the latest stages of regional aridity cycles when lake level was still low and the Dead Sea salinity was at its highest. The ages of formation of the gypsum structures coincide with times of North Atlantic cooling events and grand solar minima suggesting a direct impact of the latter on the Dead Sea hydrology and high sensitivity of the regional hydrology (controlling lake level) to global solar-related events. The frequency of appearance of the gypsum structures seems to follow the Hallstat Cycle that approached minimum at ~3000 2000 years ago. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Global climate models represent small-scale processes, such as clouds and convection, using subgrid models known as parameterizations. Traditional parameterizations are usually based on simplified physical models, and inaccuracies in these parameterizations are a main cause for the large uncertainty in climate projections. One alternative to traditional parameterizations is to use machine learning to learn new parameterizations which are data driven. However, machine-learning parameterizations might violate physical principles and often lead to instabilities when coupled to an atmospheric model. I will show how machine learning algorithms, such as neural networks and random forests, can be used to learn new parameterizations from the output of a three-dimensional high-resolution atmospheric model, while obeying physical constraints such as energy conservation. Implementing these parameterizations in the atmospheric model at coarse resolution leads to stable simulations that replicate the climate of the high-resolution simulation, and capture important statistics such as precipitation extremes. I will also discuss how machine-learning parameterizations can give further insights into the parameterization problem. Specifically, I will show that failures of machine-learning parameterizations can be used to better understand the relationship between large-scale fields and subgrid processes. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Hydrological systems are inherently non-linear and exhibit an enormous structural and functional heterogeneity. Strikingly, we can nevertheless successfully simulate stream flow generation and the water balance of river catchments with rather simple models that are largely incompatible with the frequently reported subscale process heterogeneity and non-linearity. Here we argue that subscale structural heterogeneity and randomness must not prevent the emergence of functional simplicity. On the contrary, we found simplicity to emerge at rather small scales, reflecting self-organization in hydrological functioning not despite but due to subscale small-scale heterogeneity and the dissipative nature of hydrological process. While we acknowledge that hydrological landscapes are heterogeneous, they are by no means a random product. Catchments exhibit a considerable spatial organisation, which manifests through structured patterns of topography, soil, vegetation, self-similar surface and subsurface drainage networks and most prominently through ubiquitous preferential flow phenomena. While this organized “catchment from” does strongly determine present storage, cycling and release of water, energy and chemical species, this catchment form has in turn been shaped by of water, energy, and nutrients of the past. Is this “co-evolution” just chance or manifested self-organization? This question has been inspiring many scientists to search for thermodynamic principles that link form and function in the Earth system. Here we will present evidence that a thermodynamic and information theoretic perspective opens up new avenues for (i) diagnosing and explaining self-organization in hydrological dynamics, (i) upscaling of constituting relations and (i) using thermodynamic optimality for hydrological predictions. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: A subset of megathrust earthquakes produce anomalously large tsunamis for their magnitude. All of these recorded ‘tsunami earthquakes’ in the past 50 years had extensional aftershocks in the upper plate. These include the two largest and most destructive earthquakes of that period, the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman and the 2011 Tohoku events. Evidence from the region of Tohoku indicates that normal fault slip in the upper plate during the earthquake may have contributed to the tsunami size. Here we present a numerical model that shows how a reduction of the dip of a subducting slab, on a timescale of millions of years, can result in an extensional fault failure above a megathrust earthquake on timescales of seconds to months. Slab dip reduction bends the upper plate so that the shallow part fails in extension when a megathrust rupture relieves compressional stress. This results in a distribution of extensional aftershocks comparable to that seen above the Tohoku megathrust. Volcanic arc migra- tion and uplift data for Tohoku and several other tsunami earthquakes is consistent with slab dip reduction. The collection of more such data might identify other areas of tsunami hazard related to slab dip reduction. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Forests and agricultural orchards are becoming increasingly susceptible to drought, ‎insect ‎‎outbreaks, and disease due to climate change worldwide. Thus, forest ‎and ‎agricultural systems management needs to be proactively targeted to improve their ‎resilience to anthropogenic and ‎climate change. The potential of remote sensing ‎data for ‎agriculture and forestry has long been recognized. The global coverage and repositories of different ‎types ‎of satellite data extending integrating with developing UAVs and ‎sensor ‎capabilities provide a unique database, which allows us to develop, test, and ‎implement ‎innovative measures to adapt agriculture and forest to the foreseen climate ‎scenarios. ‎However, there is still a considerable gap between data and information. ‎Remote sensing ‎applications integrated with innovative artificial intelligence techniques ‎could make ‎fundamental discoveries for sustainable environmental management. Thus, ‎the seminar ‎aims to present advanced remote-sensing applications for agriculture and ‎forest to climate ‎change adaptation. Four case studies will be presented, including (1) ‎mapping woody ‎species distribution and richness along the climatic gradient; (2) ‎developing canopy ‎geometry traits to characterize and monitor tree structure using LiDAR ‎applications; and (3) ‎Incorporation winter tree physiology in deciduous orchard into ‎forecast- models of bloom ‎and yield, and (4) leaf to landscape approach to study ‎forest responses to drought. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Contamination of drinking water sources by a variety of organic and inorganic compounds demands more efficacious and reliable treatment technologies. However, conventional water treatment technologies remain chemically demanding, energy intensive, and ineffective in removing key trace contaminants. As such, nanotechnology-based approaches have been increasingly explored to enhance or replace traditional remediation methods because of the high reactivity and tunable-properties of nanomaterials. In her talk, Dr. Zucker will provide an overview on the current status of nano-enabled water decontamination, including promising opportunities and barriers for implementation. Specifically, the application of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for heavy metal removal will be extensively discussed as a case study, where material properties, removal mechanisms, and large-scale applications are optimized. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Conventional hydrogeologic models employed to compute ocean island sustainable yields and aquifer storage neglect the nearshore and onshore submarine environment’s complexity. However, the onshore aquifer at the island of Hawaiʻi exhibits a significant volumetric discrepancy between high-elevation freshwater recharge and coastal discharge. This study presents a novel transport mechanism of freshwater moving from onshore to onshore via a multilayer formation of water-saturated layered basalts with interbedded low-permeability layers of ash/soil, as revealed by marine-controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) imaging. We propose that this newly discovered transport mechanism of fresh water may be the governing mechanism in other volcanic islands. Additionally, our water column CSEM imaging detects multiple vertical freshwater plumes extending from the seafloor to the ocean surface. These findings provide valuable information to elucidate hydrogeologic and oceanographic rocesses affecting biogeochemical cycles in coastal waters worldwide. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Diamonds are perfect boxes for delivering samples of fluids and volatile species from the mantle to the surface. While mineral inclusions are often a few >30 micrometer in size and allow easy analysis, fluid inclusions are mostly <1 micrometer. Still, careful analysis allowed us to define carbonatitic, saline and silicic melts in the inclusions. Recently, transmission electron microscopy allowed us to look into even smaller inclusions, 10-30 nm in size where we found solid molecular nitrogen and solid molecular CO2. Contrary to the melts that are low volume mantle melts, the N2 and CO2 are interpreted as exsolutions of N and O atoms that were taken as single atoms in the diamond matrix and later migrated and joined to form tiny octahedrons full of N2 and CO2. Geologically, the solids are an oddity of nature, but the melts can play an important roll in the extraction of trace elements from the mantle and into the crust. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: The Hadley circulation is a key element of the climate system. It is traditionally defined as the zonally averaged meridional circulation in the tropics, therefore treated as a zonally symmetric phenomenon. However, differences in temperature between land and sea cause zonal asymmetries on Earth, dramatically affecting the circulation. This longitudinal dependence of the meridional circulation evokes questions about where and when the actual large scale tropical circulation occurs. Here, we look into the connection between the longitudinally dependent meridional circulation, and the actual large scale transport of air in the tropics using a coupled Eulerian and Lagrangian approach. Decomposing the velocity field into rotational and divergent components, we identify how each component affects the actual circulation. We propose an alternative definition for the circulation, that describes the actual path of air parcels in the tropics, as a tropical atmospheric conveyor belt. We further investigate this definition, analyzing the circulation under climate change and its effect on precipitation changes. We show that in order to predict future climate, the regionality and three-dimensionality of the large-scale tropical circulation must be taken into account. We find that the changes in the circulation vary significantly over longitude, and are overlooked when analyzing the zonally averaged meridional circulation. The circulation is strengthening and expanding in the center of the Pacific, a region where the circulation barely existed in past. On the other hand, the circulation is weakening in the Indo-Pacific region, where it was the most significant in the past. These differences appear as a shift in the region of ascent of the conveyor belt, that is revealed when analyzing the decomposed vertical wind. The pattern of weakening of the ascent in the Indo-Pacific and strengthening in the center of the Pacific explains the projected changes in precipitation. The Indo-Pacific region is drying, while the precipitation in the center of the Pacific is intensifying. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Weather and climate extremes such as cold spells, heat waves, heavy precipitation or windstorms have long been considered challenging to adequately predict a few days in advance. Even at shorter time scales, it is sometimes difficult to estimate the magnitude and impact area accurately. Therefore, they have been selected as one of the grand challenges by the World Climate Research Program. Several studies suggest that extreme temperatures or heavy precipitation events may become more frequent and more intense with climate change, making this topic even more pertinent. The ability to predict the development of any dynamical system (a system that evolves in time), depends on: 1) its persistence, meaning that a persistent system will be easier to predict and 2) the number of options the system can develop into/from, meaning that systems with a small number of options will be easier to predict. Recent advances in dynamical systems theory allow to efficiently compute these metrics from model data. Our earlier findings show that the dynamical systems metrics can serve as an extremely informative qualitative method for evaluating the predictability and dynamics of synoptic systems over the Eastern Mediterranean. The talk will discuss this novel dynamic approach and its recent applications in extreme weather forecasting, as well as in climate model projections over the Eastern Mediterranean. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: During the last decade, seismic sensing with optical fibers has become a reality. By analyzing the effect of seismic deformation on the fiber’s optical response, state-of-the-art Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) now offers a 1-meter sensor resolution for tens of kilometers of fiber. In other words, a single DAS system can record up to 40,000 data channels at once – two orders of magnitude more than the entire earthquake-monitoring seismic network in Israel. In this talk, I will first introduce the underlying operating principles of DAS acquisition. These measurements are very different from conventional seismic sensors and need to be analyzed accordingly. Subsequently, most of the talk will revolve around DAS applications in various scenarios. We utilize the ambient seismic field, recorded on a standard telecommunication fiber deployed around the Stanford campus, to analyze subsurface properties. The same fiber can also be used to measure changes in traffic patterns due to the COVID-19 lockdown. With downhole DAS arrays deployed in deep vertical wells, we can study previously undetected low-magnitude earthquakes. Finally, we utilize DAS data recorded inside an unconventional gas field to unveil reservoir properties with unprecedented resolution. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Supercooled clouds substantially impact polar surface energy budgets but large-scale models often underestimate their occurrence, which motivates accurately establishing metrics of basic processes. A polar stratiform cloud’s lifecycle is determined by a set of complex interactions and feedbacks between different micro-physical and macro-physical processes, some of which are not fully understood or quantified, leading to uncertainty in climate predictions. These polar clouds are commonly presupposed as being turbulent as a result of intense cloud-top longwave radiative cooling, while experiencing desiccation dominated by precipitating ice. In this talk, I examine some of these underlying assumptions and provide applicable guidance for large-scale model evaluation. I first present observations of persistent formation of drizzle drops at cloud temperatures below -25 °C detected over McMurdo Station, Antarctica. These supercooled drizzle observations supported by large-eddy simulations (LES) used to examine the cloud’s formation and evolution under initially stable, nonturbulent conditions, suggest that drizzle can be common over polar regions and serve as the main cloud moisture sink even well below the freezing temperature. A persistent nonturbulent cloud state suggested by the LES leads to the examination of nonturbulent cloud occurrence in observational datasets from Arctic and Antarctic ground-based sites. Such stable, nonturbulent conditions, surmised to preferentially occur early in cloud lifecycles, are estimated to prevail in a quarter of cloud occurrences over these polar sites. I use LES sensitivity tests to examine how short to intermediate period gravity waves, which are supported by such stable conditions, may catalyze turbulence formation when aerosol particles available for activation are sufficiently small. The observational datasets are also utilized to examine ice precipitation processes, and show that the vast majority of polar supercooled clouds are at least weakly precipitating ice at the cloud base even when they are not seeded from above, consistent with commonly observed supercooled cloud longevity. These results indicate that supercooled cloud layers are a sustained source of ice precipitation, and suggest that ground-based statistics offer valuable guidance for large-scale models. Finally, as an example of how some of these observational and modeling results may be used to evaluate the representations of polar clouds in large-scale models, I briefly describe using the GISS E3 climate model in single-column model (SCM) mode applied to the supercooled drizzle case study. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC; 5.97-5.33 Ma) is considered an extreme environmental event driven by changes in climate and tectonics, which affected global ocean salinity and shaped the biogeochemical composition of the Mediterranean Sea. Yet, after more than 50 years of research, MSC chronology and events remains controversial. Recently drilled offshore wells in the Levant Basin retrieved for the first time a complete sedimentary record of the deep-basin Mediterranean MSC salt deposits and the underlying Pre-Evaporite unit. Analysis of this dataset changes the way these deposits have been perceived since the 1970’s, when they were first penetrated in their uppermost part during DSDP expeditions. Using sedimentology, chemistry, seismic interpretation, biostratigraphy, and astronomical tuning we show that Messinian salt deposition in the Eastern Mediterranean began during stage 1, and not stage 2 of the MSC. In contrast to the present paradigm, salt was deposited synchronously with gypsum deposition in the marginal and intermediate-depth basins. This occurred significantly earlier than the 50 kyr interval coined as the ‘MSC acme event’, ~300 kyr after the crisis began. The one-kilometer-thick lower part of the evaporitic unit is composed of essentially pure halite, except for a thin transitional anhydrite layer at its base. The halite is undisturbed and homogeneous, lacking diverse features apparent in more proximal sections, indicating a deep-sea depositional environment. We find that distinct, meters-thick non-evaporitic intervals interbedded with the halite, previously thought to be clastic layers, are diatomites. While XRD analysis confirms an increase in clastic components in these sediments, they are composed primarily of well-preserved marine and freshwater planktonic diatoms. The occurrence of marine planktonic diatoms in these intervals indicates the input of Atlantic waters into the Mediterranean Basin during the deposition of the massive halite unit. In the second part of this talk I will couple lipid biomarker analysis with faunal and taxonomic evaluation of the diatom assemblages to try and answer the following question: why do we see this extreme abundance of diatoms, but a complete absence of calcareous-shelled forms of life within the MSC salt deposits? This study demonstrates that brine formation, salt precipitation, and faunal extinction occurred at least in part in a deep, non-desiccated basin, with a restricted yet open Mediterranean-Atlantic connection that allowed inflow of oceanic water. A coeval onset of basinal halite and marginal gypsum precipitation calls for a revaluation of global-scale climatic and oceanographic models of the MSC, while substantially altering our understanding of the mechanisms governing the deposition of salt giants. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: During the last decade, seismic sensing with optical fibers has become a reality. By analyzing the effect of seismic deformation on the fiber’s optical response, state-of-the-art Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) now offers a 1-meter sensor resolution for tens of kilometers of fiber. In other words, a single DAS system can record up to 40,000 data channels at once – two orders of magnitude more than the entire earthquake-monitoring seismic network in Israel. In this talk, I will first introduce the underlying operating principles of DAS acquisition. These measurements are very different from conventional seismic sensors and need to be analyzed accordingly. Subsequently, most of the talk will revolve around DAS applications in various scenarios. We use the ambient seismic field, recorded on a standard telecommunication fiber deployed around the Stanford campus, to analyze subsurface properties. We also acquired DAS data from a downhole fiber deployed in the SAFOD well and utilized it to reconstruct the earth’s structure and detect earthquakes. Finally, we study DAS data from an unconventional gas field and show how to conduct a simple analysis that unveils reservoir properties. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: We have shown that microorganisms (bacteria, yeast and fungi) were present in clouds and were metabolically active. As a consequence a new scientific question rose: are they able to modify the chemical composition of clouds and be an alternative route to radical chemistry? In the past we have mainly studied the biotransformation of simple carbon compounds (acetate, succinate, formate, methanol, formaldehyde), and oxidants (H2O2). We showed that biodegradation rates were within the same range of order than photo-transformation rates. More recently we investigated their potential biodegradation activity towards atmospheric pollutants. Using GCxGC-HRMS technique we were able to detect and identify over 100 semi-volatile compounds in 3 cloud samples collected at the puy de Dôme station (1465 m, France). Among these compounds, 10 priority pollutants from the US EPA list were identified and quantified. We focused our work on the biodegradation of phenol and catechol in clouds using two strategies. 1) A metatranscriptomic analysis showed in cloud activity of microorganisms. We detected transcripts of genes coding for phenol monooxygenases (and phenol hydroxylases) and catechol 1,2-dioxygenases. These enzymes were likely from Gamma-proteobacteria (Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas genera). 2) 145 bacterial strains isolated from cloud water were screened for their phenol degradation capabilities, 93% of them (mainly Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus strains) were positive. These findings highlighted the possibility of phenol degradation by microorganisms in clouds. To go further we measured the biodegradation rates of Phenol and Catechol by one of the most active strain (Rhodococcus enclensis) and compared them with the transformation rates resulting from the reactivity of °OH and NO3°radicals. In the cloud water phase, both phenol transformation rates were within the same range of order, while biodegradation of catechol was ten times quicker than chemical transformation. The experimentally derived biodegradation rates were included in a multiphase box model to compare the chemical loss rates of phenol and catechol in both the gas and aqueous phases to their biodegradation rate in the aqueous phase under atmospheric conditions. In conclusion our results suggest that cloud microorganisms could play a role in atmospheric chemistry. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: The soil spectroscopy discipline has been progressed over the past two decades quite remarkably. Many portable point spectrometers became available through that time where recently also image spectrometers have become quite popular. The technology was used in the laboratory, field, and airborne levels and provided a new capability for a rapid and quantitative view of a large number of samples. At the same time platforms were also developed to carry the new family of sensors for remote sensing applications of large areas using ground and airborne vehicles ( manned and un-manned) and recently even satellites. This progress has led to a large number of activities in exploiting the spectroscopy for many applications within the soil science discipline. As the data acquisition increases and the soil spectral database has been enlarged, a new technique to compile soil spectral database together with methods to effectively analyze them has also been developed. To that end, activities to deal with the data mining process using big databases were successfully adopted from other disciplines while also designed especially for the soil spectroscopy activity. The results demonstrated that soil spectroscopy could be used for many applications from different domains such as soil mapping, precision agriculture, and laboratory work and can progress the soil science discipline quite forward. In this talk, we will review the history of soil spectroscopy from the first spectrometer and platform to the present situation. A particular emphasis will be given to the recent applications that have been developed in our group and to the future capability of this critical technology from all perspectives and to the new horizon it may open as expressed by space agencies such as NASA, ESA, ASI, JAXA, ISA and DLR. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Many planetary bodies experience tides, which produce time-varying stresses. Seismic activity on the Moon is modulated by tides, and there are hints of similar effects on Earth (but not, so far, Mars). In this talk I'll describe two other places where tides modulate geological activity at different periods: Io, a highly volcanic moon of Jupiter; and Enceladus, a small icy moon of Saturn. In both cases we can use remote-sensing observations of the modulation to make inferences about the properties of these bodies' interiors. One could imagine similar approaches being used for tidally-distorted exoplanets (e.g. the TRAPPIST system). Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Recent droughts and floods in California have drawn attention to the vulnerability of our water-supply system to present and future climate variability. A recent analysis of climate-model simulations suggests that wet and dry conditions in California may be predictably linked to tropical and high-latitude conditions, a hypothesis that should be testable using paleoclimate records. Abundant paleoclimate evidence indicates that natural whiplash between wet and dry conditions characterized California’s climate throughout the last 4000 years, especially during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (~AD 950 to 1250), but the chronologies of the records are not precise enough to correlate to tropical and high-latitude records in order to test the model prediction. Our recent work at Mono Lake, a climatically sensitive lake on the arid eastern side of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, has focused on exploring and developing radiocarbon dating of pollen purified by flow cytometry as a tool for high-resolution dating of lake records. Our results suggest that pollen can be reliably separated and dated, but (like everything in lakes) must be interpreted within the specific geologic system where it was produced, deposited, and preserved. If pollen dating proves robust in many lake systems, it may provide the high-precision chronologies required for spatial mapping of past terrestrial climate changes. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: The management of harmful species, including invasive species, pests, parasites, and diseases, is a major global challenge. Harmful species cause severe damage to ecosystems, biodiversity, agriculture, and human health. In particular, the management of harmful species often requires cooperation among multiple agents, such as land‐owners, agencies, and countries. Each agent may have incentives to contribute less to the treatment, leaving more work for other agents, which may result in inefficient treatment. A central question is, therefore, how should a policymaker allocate the treatment duties among the agents? Specifically, should the agents work together in the same area, or should each agent work only in a smaller area designated just for her/him? I will present a dynamic game-theoretic model, where a Nash equilibrium corresponds to a possible set of contributions that the agents could adopt over time. In turn, the allocation by the policymaker determines which of the Nash equilibria could be adopted, which will allow us to compare the outcome of various allocations. I will show that fewer agents abate the harmful species population faster, but multiple agents can better control the population to keep its density lower. This is proven in a general theorem and demonstrated numerically for two case studies. Therefore, following an outbreak, the better policy would be to split and assign one or a few agents to treat the species in a given location; but if controlling the harmful species population at some low density is needed, the agents should work together in all the locations. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Observations and climate simulations show that polar regions warm faster than the rest of the globe in response to radiative forcing. Feedback diagnostics in models show that a large fraction of this enhanced polar warming is due to strong positive lapse-rate feedback. However, there is little mechanistic understanding for why this feedback is positive and what controls its strength. Here, I discuss a mechanism for high-latitude lapse rate feedback and show it functioning in a set of simplified GCM simulations. The mechanism hinges crucially on low cloud response. In this sense, high-latitude lapse-rate feedback is a cloud feedback in disguise. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: The preservation of the organic matter (OM) occurs as a result of post-depositional abiotic sulfurization, condensation and polymerization processes that convert the OM into stable macromolecular material termed kerogen. Different sulfurization processes, pathways and rates affect the 34S values of organic and inorganic S compounds. These sulfurization processes are affected by the redox conditions and paleo-environmental conditions (e.g. organic matter and Fe availability). Therefore, studying the organic and inorganic S distribution and their associated 34S values could be useful for understanding the paleo-environmental history associated with the deposition of ancient organic rich sediments. Until recently, only bulk phases of S could be measured for their 34S values, usually excluding organic S. A new method was developed that allows for S isotope analysis of specific organic S compounds (OSCs) at the sub- nanogram level. In my talk I will give an overview about the utility of compound specific S isotope analysis (CSSIA) for the study of different geochemical environments (e.g., immature organic rich sediments). Applying CSSIA to immature organic rich sediments from the Monterey and Ghareb formations I will show the combination of biomarkers and their S isotope composition in a single analysis. This provides a more detailed and in-depth understanding of the S and C cycles than bulk measurements of organic and inorganic S species alone. Close abstractClose abstract

Abstract: Rivers are the most effective agent of erosion on earth, transporting massive amounts of detrital and dissolved matter into depositional basins, making them a significant part of the rock cycle. To better understand the relationship between denudation of continents and the rivers that drain them, numerous studies examine the pathways of sediment transport through large drainage systems. However, due to the complex nature of sediment storage and transport dynamics in large-scale fluvial systems, the amount of time sediment spends in the sedimentary system is poorly constrained. We measured cosmogenic 21Ne to quantify the exposure time of sediments within large-scale fluvial systems in large rivers: the modern Colorado river, the Miocene Hazeva River (~18 Ma), and the Lower Cretaceous (~130 Ma) Kurnub fluvial system. We observe that fluvial transport dynamics in large rivers are complex and that sediment transport time varies significantly and can last between very rapid (faster than our analytical measurement limitation ~103 yr) and 105 yr. To better understand the nature of fluvial transport dynamics in large rivers, we constructed a stochastic model that simulates repeated episodes of burial and exposure and examines the changes in concentrations of cosmogenic 26Al, 10Be, and 21Ne. We compared the simulated results to the concentrations measured in the Colorado River, and we predict that the total that sediment spent both buried and exposed – the residence time in large rivers is ~103-105 years. These observations suggest that the time-scales of sediment transport in large rivers have not changed significantly over the past 130 Myr and have remained significantly fast compared to other processes in the rock-cycle. Close abstractClose abstract