לוח שנה משולב

Recent years have seen the development of several experimental systems capable of tuning local parameters of quantum Hamiltonians, including ultracold atoms, trapped ions, superconducting circuits and photonic crystals. These systems excel in studying the physics of bosons in disorder-free settings. A solid state analog, in which Hamiltonians of interacting electrons are designed and studied, remains a major open challenge, since in conventional solids electrons exist inside an imperfect host material that generates uncontrolled disorder. In this talk, I will describe our newly-developed platform for realizing in suspended carbon nanotubes such disorder-free, locally-tunable electronic systems. This platform bcomes possible due to a new technique for nano-assembly of carbon nanotubes on complex electrical circuits without damaging their pristine electronic behavior. I will demonstrate how these systems enable us to modify the fundamental interactions in the solid-state, using two specific examples: The engineering of an artificial, tailorable coupling between electrons and phonons, and the creation of attraction between electrons using only their repulsion – a problem that has been open for half a century. These new interactions pave the way for the formation, in engineered solids, artificial superconductivity that is very different from that found in nature.

A 10-yr climatological study of Tropical Plumes (TPs) observed over the Middle East was undertaken. Several tools were used to identify and analyze these mid-tropospheric elongated cloudbands: satellite images, reanalysis and radiosonde data, backward trajectories, and cluster analysis. In order to conduct an in-depth examination of the synoptic conditions controlling this tropical–extratropical phenomenon, a dual methodology was adopted. In the first analysis, the identified 45 plumes were classified to precipitative and non-precipitative. In the second analysis, backward trajectories of the plumes were clustered in order to detect their moisture origins and pathways. In addition to the well documented south-western plumes originating in West Africa, a more southern pathway was identified, in which moisture was transported from Central to East African sources. The ‘south-western’ plumes are associated with a southwards penetration of mid-latitude troughs, associated with an intensified thermal wind and a longer jet streak, extending as far as Northwestern Africa. In the ‘southern’ category the Sub-Tropical Jet is associated with an anticyclonic flow over the south of the Arabian Peninsula, serving as an essential vehicle advecting moisture from tropical origins. This moisture pathway is considerably shorter than the south-western one. Several conditions favor precipitation induced by TPs over the domain: a northward migration of the jet streak resulting in a weakening of the wind speed over the target area, a deeper trough at the 500 hPa level and a shorter moisture corridor.

Earth climate varies on long and short time scales and its patterns have been derived by a variety of geochemical proxies. The most commonly used paleoclimate proxy is the oxygen isotopic composition in carbonates (δ18O). δ18O, however, is not a direct paleo-thermometer, and temperature reconstructions rely on independent estimates of water isotopic compositions. This caveat is particularly challenging on land, due to the complexity of hydrological variations that control the δ18O of the relevant waters. Carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) thermometry is a new method for estimating paleo-temperatures that is independent of water isotopic compositions. It is therefore particularly useful as a temperature proxy in terrestrial environments. When combined with carbonate δ18O, it can also serve as a hydrological indicator. Here I will show the application of this method to the study of Late Pleistocene climate in terrestrial settings in the Levant and East Africa.
Glacial-Interglacial climate in the Northern Jordan Rift Valley (Israel) was examined by applying the clumped isotope thermometer to modern and fossil fresh water snails from water bodies in the region. The observed Glacial-Interglacial temperature change is similar to regional records but absolute temperatures are warmer. Paleo-water δ18O values have an opposite trend for the last glacial termination compared to the global ocean trends and regional records that reflects a change in the snow-rain dominance of the region’s rivers and changes in evaporation. An integration of Δ47 and δ18O measurements of land and freshwater mollusks from Lake Victoria, East Africa, provide information on past climatic conditions in the region. Results show no significant increase in precipitation for a time interval during which lake levels were significantly higher than in modern-day. These findings support non-climatic mechanisms for the lake level increase, such as tectonically driven change in lake drainage.