Temperature control of samples in SEM is used for different applications, among them water condensation and evaporation, particles thermal migration, phase transformation, in situ synthesis, low temperature spectroscopy and more. The sample’s temperature in the SEM can be…
Low vacuum (LV) or variable pressure (VP) scanning electron microscopes are a group of special SEMs used mainly for uncoated nonconductive and soft materials. The SEM chamber’s vacuum can be varied by the introduction of gas molecules such as H2O or N2 at levels of 20-2000 Pa…
