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Fear is a crucial adaptive component of the behavioral repertoire that is generated in relation to stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. Fear-relevant associations are learned and consolidated as part of long term memory. After learning, fear responses are modulated through processes termed safety learning and extinction. Perturbation of these mechanisms can lead to disproportional anxiety states and anxiety disorders. Recent years have seen considerable progress in identifying relevant brain areas – such as the amygdala, the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex - and neurophysiological principles. Key mechanisms, involving rhythmic oscillations of neuronal subpopulations and neuromodulatory influences, will be discussed

A fully reduced Hamiltonian formulation of general relativisticly interacting
classical spinning objects is presented to order linear in spin. The analytic
treatment of black holes is accessed by Dirac delta functions and use of
dimensional regularization. The Hamiltonian of binary spinning black holes is
derived through third post-Newtonian order of approximation. The inclusion of
spin-squared terms is achieved by additional considerations based on Kerr
black holes and global Lorentz invariance. Comparison with results in the
literature is made.