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Molecular interactions control everything from making new materials to generation of energy. However, the complexity of molecular structure and interactions has challenged accurate study and precise control of dynamics. A new scientific frontier is emerging in recent years with the work of cooling molecules to low temperatures, aiming to achieve precise control of molecular interaction processes. This is motivated by new opportunities where fundamental insights of how molecule interact and evolve will allow us to design and control chemistry and quantum materials.

The capability of tracking how molecules approach each other, form short-lived intermediates, and then reemerge with final products can help illuminate the most fundamental aspects of reaction processes. When a quantum gas of molecule is produced, we can arrange molecules in particular spatial configurations and precisely manipulate their interactions via external electromagnetic fields. The long-range dipolar interaction between trapped molecules presents an interconnected spin system where correlated many-body dynamics can be explored.

Transcription elongation by RNA polymerase (RNAP) is a complex process involving binding of nucleotides, conformational changes, catalytic steps, and translocation on the DNA template. The processive elongation is interspersed with transcriptional pauses, which play critical roles in coordinating transcription with processes such as translation, splicing and DNA repair. While many mechanisms contributing to pausing have been characterized, it is not clear how transcriptional dynamics of RNA polymerase change at pause sites, and how those dynamics lead to the formation of various paused states. I will present high-resolution optical tweezers experiments in which we characterize the transcription of individual E. coli RNA polymerase molecules through repeating templates. Combining the assay with novel methods of data analysis, we were able to separately investigate the pausing dynamics at different sites for pauses as short as 100 msec, and test how these dynamics are affected by applied force, backtracking and RNA structure formation. Our experiments revealed that: 1. Multiple mechanisms act in synergy to promote pausing in a site-specific manner; 2. RNA structure interacts primarily with the pretranslocated state of RNAP and can both promote or prevent pausing; 3. Backtracked pause states are formed in a site-specific manner and can only be accessed from preexisting paused states.
In the second part of the talk I will discuss the application of optical tweezers towards characterizing the stepping behavior of RNA polymerase during active elongation. Individual base-pair steps (~ 3.4 Å) have been observed before in optical tweezers assays but only anecdotally and for short segments of transcription traces. By combining an ultra-high resolution optical tweezers system with a Large-state-space Hidden Markov Model step finding algorithm, we are now able to obtain for the first time full, extended molecular trajectories of RNAP with single base-pair resolution.

Quantum state engineering of ultracold matter and precise control of laser coherence have revolutionized a new generation of atomic clocks with accuracy at the 18th digit. This progress has benefited greatly from microscopic understandings of atomic interactions in the quantum regime. In return, the unified front of precision metrology and quantum physics has enabled exploration of many-body quantum systems. Our next clock will have at its core a Sr Fermi degenerate gas configured as a band insulator in a three-dimensional optical lattice. The correlated, high-density atomic system provides a clear path for improving the clock performance to the next decimal points, and sets the stage to advance measurement precision beyond the standard quantum limit. These emerging quantum technologies will allow us to test the fundamental laws of nature and search for new physics.