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Antibiotic persistence, typically attributed to dormant bacteria, is known to be a major cause of treatment failure. However, despite many years of intense research, no clear consensus on its mechanism has emerged. We show that high-survival under antibiotics may originate from two fundamentally different growth-arrest archetypes: either from a regulated growth-arrest, leading to a protected dormant cellular state, or from a dysregulated disrupted growth-arrest. Using modelling and experimental approaches including transcriptomics, microcalorimetry, and microfluidics, we unveil the characteristics and vulnerabilities of each growth-arrest archetype. In particular, disrupted bacteria show a general impairment of membrane homeostasis. This understanding resolves previous conflicting results regarding characteristics of persisters and allows tailoring treatments that target the different growth-arrested bacteria. The fundamental distinction between regulated and disrupted growth-arrests should be broadly relevant for the description of cells under stress.

In Physics, Bose–Einstein condensation describes a striking situation in which a macroscopic fraction of particles occupies a single microscopic state. A similar idea appears in Probability theory as the big-jump principle: a macroscopic fluctuation of a random process may be carried not by many comparable contributions, but by one exceptional microscopic event.In this talk I will discuss how this idea appears in stochastic transport. I will first ask what happens to the dynamics once transport enters such a condensed regime. For strong quenched disorder, relevant to intracellular transport and other slowly evolving complex media, the condensed phase is controlled by an exceptionally long trapping time. The coupling between strong disorder and geometry then produces a concrete prediction: narrowing a channel can enhance mobility. I will then turn to run-and-tumble dynamics and coupled continuous-time random walks, which describe intermittent motion in heterogeneous, active, and biological environments. There, large fluctuations reveal a condensation transition in which a finite fraction of the displacement is carried by the last unfinished episode, the event that straddles the observation time. This “big jump across the time horizon” gives a dynamical realization of condensation far from equilibrium. Identification of the microscopic event that carries the macroscopic fluctuation can then provide an organizing principle for the dynamics. FOR THE LATEST UPDATES AND CONTENT ON SOFT MATTER AND BIOLOGICAL PHYSICS AT THE WEIZMANN, VISIT OUR WEBSITE: https://www.bio

This presentation introduces the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect through diverse experimental results, highlighting how spin-dependent transport through chiral systems differs fundamentally from conventional electron transfer through linear systems. Finally, it identifies the critical gaps in standard electron transfer theories and presents experimental evidence that validates their importance.

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