לוח שנה משולב

TBA...

In recent decades, various temperature proxies have been developed and further established in the scientific community, at both low and high accuracy, however, not every method can be applied without restriction to all minerals or rocks. Evaporitic rocks, for example, are abundant chemical sediments at the Earth's surface that are deposited from supersaturated brines in marine, terrestrial, and lacustrine environments. Halite is the most abundant rock-forming mineral in this group, which during crystal formation entraps tiny water droplets (fluid inclusions, FIs) that store the chemical composition of the parent brine at a specific pressure-temperature dependent density. Such FIs are therefore excellent records of the original physicochemical conditions of the source brine.
Brillouin spectroscopy (BS) is a novel laser-based technique that uses density fluctuations in FIs to directly measure entrapment temperatures and thus the initial brine temperature during crystal growth. In this seminar, the BS method will be introduced and two application cases will be presented using salt layers from the Dead Sea which were deposited during two interglacial periods. In addition to the basic principles, both the recommended sampling strategy and pitfalls along with associated limitations will be presented.
The conclusion will be that the salt layers commonly deposited in the Dead Sea basin consist of two types that formed preferentially in summer (coarse-grained crystals) and winter (fine-grained crystals), which is mainly controlled by the degree of salt saturation of the lake water. Furthermore, it will be shown how (1) lake bottom temperatures have fluctuated seasonally (summer/winter), and that (2) paleo temperature trends can be reconstructed for an entire halite layer that was deposited during holomictic periods in the Dead Sea basin. This method is particularly promising for evaporites that formed near the surface if the material has not been affected by external processes such as tectonic burial/uplift, erosion, or mineral replacement.

A prominent goal of present-day condensed-matter physics is the design of electronic devices with ever faster switching times. As an example I will present the optically induced spin transfer between magnetic sublattices, the so-called OISTR effect, which allows the switching of magnetic textures on the scale of a femto-second or less. This effect was first predicted with real-time TDDFT and later confirmed in many experiments. To create from this effect a real-world device on has to face the problem of decoherence, i.e. the phenomenon that quantum systems tend to lose their quantumness due to interactions with the environment. For electrons, the principal source of decoherence is the non-adiabatic interaction with nuclear degrees of freedom, i.e. with an “environment” that cannot be removed. In fact, the paradigm of electronic-structure theory where electrons move in the static Coulomb potential of clamped nuclei, while useful in the ground state, is an idealization hardly ever satisfied in dynamical processes. Non-adiabaticity, i.e. effects of the coupled motion of electrons and nuclei beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation are found everywhere. In this lecture, the exact factorization will be presented as a universal approach to understand and, ultimately, control non-adiabatic effects, in particular decoherence, from an ab-initio perspective.