לוח שנה משולב

Empathy, the recognition and sharing of affective states between individuals, is an adaptive response with ancient evolutionary roots. The experience of empathy rises from activation of subcortical neural circuits in the brain stem, thalamus and paralimbic areas that are highly conserved across mammalian species. Primarily, it is crucial for the survival of altricial mammals to be able to respond to the needs of offspring appropriately. More broadly, communication of emotions promotes group survival, by alerting against potential threats and, depending on context, inducing pro-social actions. Behavioral homologues of empathy have been observed in different non-human animals. For instance, it has been clearly established that rodents display emotional contagion of others’ distress, and are motivated to alleviate another rat’s distress. We found that rats intentionally released a cagemate trapped in a restrainer, even when social contact was prevented. When a second restrainer containing a highly palatable food (chocolate chips) was present, rats opened both restrainers and typically shared the chocolate. Since only cagemates were tested, it is unclear if these behaviors generalize to strangers. Helping others is costly and resource depleting, and should thus be discriminately extended. In humans, the expression of empathically motivated pro-social behavior is dependent on social context, where people are more motivated to help in-group members than out-group members. Correspondingly, emotional contagion is modulated by familiarity in rodents. Mice have been found to display heightened pain sensitivity when witnessing a cagemate in pain, but not a stranger in pain. To investigate these questions, we are currently exploring the effect of social parameters such as familiarity and relatedness on the expression of empathic helping in rats.

Traditionally, condensed matter physicists have classified phases of matter according to their symmetries. Over the last few decades, it became clear that near zero temperature, there are plenty of phases which lie beyond this classification scheme. These intrinsically quantum mechanical states of matter lack any ordinary order parameter; they can be thought of as a strongly fluctuating quantum liquids. Nevertheless, they posses a hidden underlying order, known as "topological order". The quantum Hall effect is a celebrated example of such a phase; several others have been discovered recently, and many more have been predicted theoretically. The elementary excitations of topologically ordered states can be thought of as emergent particles; intriguingly, these particles can obey unu-sual exchange statistics rules which resemble neither those of bosons nor of fermions. This property makes topological phases potentially useful as building blocks for future decoherence-free quantum processing devices. In this talk, I will describe some modern insights into the nature of these phases, and their characterization in term of their quantum entanglement. I will also discuss a new route to realize novel phases that arise on the boundaries of other, previously known topologically ordered states.