לוח שנה משולב

Evidence has gradually accumulated that in AdS/CFT, any spatial subregion of the CFT has complete quantum information about some subregion of the bulk spacetime. Exactly which bulk subregion this is has been a matter of some debate, which has focused on the "causal wedge" and the "entanglement wedge" as the primary candidates. In this talk I will present a few theorems which together essentially resolve this debate in favor of the entanglement wedge. The argument combines recent work on quantum corrections to the Ryu-Takayanagi formula with the idea that the correspondence can be interpreted as a quantum error-correcting code.

: The Wheeler DeWitt equation is the statement that theories of gravity are topological in the bulk and only have boundary DOF. This fits with the Covariant entropy conjecture, which associates an areas worth of DOF to the boundary of a causal diamond. For nested diamonds it implies that the algebra of operators on the smaller one be a proper subalgebra of that on the larger one. Jacobson showed, conversely, that the area law implies Einstein's equations (except for the c.c., which Banks and Fischler argued was an asymptotic boundary condition). In Minkowski space, the maximal causal diamond is Penrose's conformal boundary. Traditionally we deal with this by introducing an S matrix, but this only works in perturbation theory because of the inevitable existence of states with arbitrary numbers of arbitrarily soft gravitons (even when there are no IR divergences). Instead we introduce an algebra of densities describing the flow of quantum numbers out to null infinity. The simplest of these are the commuting BMS local translations, which one can diagonalize. The joint spectrum of the past and future BMS generators defines a null cone, and all other currents may be thought of as generalized functions on this cone. The algebra must include helicity raising operators and the simplest way to introduce them (perhaps the only consistent way) is to write a generalization of the Awada Gibbons Shaw supersymmetric BMS algebra. One must define Sterman Weinberg jet representations of this algebra, which reveal that particle energy is related to constraints on the density degrees of freedom. Retreating from infinity to a finite causal diamond, the current algebra is cutoff by cutting off the spectrum of the Dirac operator on the holographic screen - a UV/IR correspondence reminiscent of that in AdS/CFT.

The assembly of artificial cells capable of executing DNA programs has been an important goal for basic research and technology. We assemble 2D DNA compartments fabricated in silicon as ‘artificial cells’ capable of metabolism, programmable protein synthesis, and communication. We programmed gene expression cycles in separate compartments, as well as protein synthesis fronts propagating in a coupled 1D system of compartments. Gene expression in the DNA compartments reveals a rich, dynamic system that is controlled by geometry. The organization of matter in the compartment suggested conditions for controlled assembly of biological machines. This puts forth a man-made biological system with programmable information processing from the gene to a ‘cell’, and up to the ‘multicellular’ scale.


References:

A. Tayar, E. Karzbrun, V. Noireaux, R.H. Bar-Ziv, Propagating gene expression fronts in a one-dimensional coupled system of artificial cells. Nature Phys. 11, 1037–1041 (2015).
E. Karzbrun, A. M. Tayar, V. Noireaux, R.H. Bar-Ziv, Programmable on-chip DNA compartments as artificial cells. Science. 345, 829–832 (2014).
D. Bracha, E. Karzbrun, G. Shemer, P. A. Pincus, R.H. Bar-Ziv, Entropy-driven collective interactions in DNA brushes on a biochip. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 4534–8 (2013).
Y. Heyman, A. Buxboim, S. G. Wolf, S. S. Daube, R.H. Bar-Ziv, Cell-free protein synthesis and assembly on a biochip. Nature Nanotech. 7, 374–378 (2012).

The nature of the large-scale flow below the cloud level on Jupiter is still unknown. The observed surface wind might be confined to the upper layers, or be a manifestation of deep cylindrical flow. Moreover, it is possible that in the case where the observed wind is superficial, there exists deep flow that is completely separated from the surface. During the years 2016-17 Juno will both perform close flybys of Jupiter, obtaining a high precision gravity spectrum for the planet. This data can be used to estimate the depth of Jupiter observed cloud-level wind, and decipher a possible deep flow that is decoupled from the surface wind. In this talk I will discuss the Juno gravity experiment and the possible outcomes with regard to the flow on Jupiter.

We explore the possibility of complex wind dynamics that include both the upper-layer wind, and a deep flow that is completely detached from the flow above it. The surface flow is based on the observed cloud-level flow and is set to decay with depth. The deep flow is constructed synthetically to produce cylindrical structures with variable width and magnitude, thus allowing for a wide range of possible setups of the unknown deep flow. The combined 3D flow is then related to the density anomalies via a dynamical model and the resulting density field is then used to calculate the gravitational moments. An adjoint inverse model is constructed for the dynamical model, thus allowing backward integration of the dynamical model, from the expected observations of the gravity moments to the parameters controlling the setup of the deep and surface flows.

We show that the model can be used for examination of various scenarios, including cases in which the deep flow is dominating over the surface wind. The novelty of our adjoint based inversion approach is in the ability to identify complex dynamics including deep cylindrical flows that have no manifestation in the observed cloud-level wind. Furthermore, the flexibility of the adjoint method allows for a wide range of dynamical setups, so that when new observations and physical understanding will arise, these constraints could be easily implemented and used to better decipher Jupiter flow dynamics.