לוח שנה משולב

Recent archaeological excavations at Manot Cave, an Early Upper Palaeolithic site in the Western Galilee, Israel, retrieved the remains of a partial left foot of a young adult, including the talus, the calcaneus, the cuboid and the first, second and fifth metatarsals. The pedal remains were found close to one another, in the same archaeological unit, and were associated with an Early Upper Palaeolithic assemblage.
Our study aimed at describing the anatomy of the Manot Cave pedal bones using morphometric parameters. A comparison to foot bones of recent modern humans, Anatomically Modern Humans and Neanderthals was carried out to establish the Manot Cave specimen population affiliation. Additionally, µCT images were used to verify a suspected injury in the base of the second metatarsal.
The shape and size of the Manot pedal bones indicated a modern morphology for all bones, albeit few Neanderthal-like characteristics. Imaging analysis confirmed the existence of a healed trauma in the second metatarsal, with the plantar third of the base misaligned with the shaft and a fracture line on the lateral side. These features are consistent with a fracture known as Lisfranc’s fracture, most probably caused by an impact to the dorsum of the foot. This injury usually leads to ligamentous instability and collapse of the transverse and longitudinal arches, causing severe walking difficulties. Full recovery requires rest and immobility for several weeks.
As mobility was crucial to maintain the hunter-gatherer lifeway of this group, the survival of this individual indicates a supportive community at Manot Cave.

Brownian motion is a Gaussian process described by the central limit theorem. However, exponential decays of the positional probability density function $P(X,t)$ of packets of spreading random walkers, were observed in numerous situations that include glasses, live cells and bacteria suspensions. We show that such exponential behavior is generally valid in a large class of problems of transport in random media. By extending the Large Deviations approach for a continuous time random walk we uncover a general universal behavior for the decay of the density. It is found that fluctuations in the number of steps of the random walker, performed at finite time, lead to exponential decay (with logarithmic corrections) of $P(X,t)$. This universal behavior holds also for short times, a fact that makes experimental observations readily achievable.

Heat transfer in solids is usually described in terms of Fourier's law according to which
the thermal conductance of a material scales inversely with its length or, equivalently, thermal
conductivity is independent of sample length. Theoretical and experimental studies over the
past decade have demonstrated that Fourier's law is violated for a variety of one-dimensional
systems. Despite the large number of studies of many intriguing models, the validity criteria
for Fourier's law remain elusive, and a breakdown of Fouriers law seems to be commonplace.
In this talk, I will discus heat conduction mediated by longitudinal phonons in one dimensional disordered harmonic chains to understand the role of different parameters that may affect
the scaling of thermal conductance in these systems. Using scaling properties of the phonon
density of states and localization in disordered systems, we find non-trivial scaling of the thermal conductance with the system size. Our theoretical findings are corroborated by extensive
numerical analysis. We show that, suprisingly, the thermal conductance of a system with strong
disorder, characterized by a `heavy-tailed' probability distribution, and with large impedance
mismatch between the bath and the system scales normally with the system size, i.e., in a
manner consistent with Fourier's law. We identify a dimensionless scaling parameter, related
to the temperature scale and the localization length of the phonons, through which the thermal conductance for different models of disorder and different temperatures follows a universal
behavior.