לוח שנה משולב

Catalysts play a pivotal role in modern society since they enable the production of chemicals and fuels that we rely on every day. The search for new and improved solid catalysts to speed up and access novel chemical reactions is a never-ending challenge, but has become increasingly important due to the environmental challenges that we are currently facing. For this purpose, constant improvements in synthesis methods are required in general, but more specifically, improvements in characterization methods in terms of spatiotemporal resolution is the key toward tailored catalytic reactions. In an ideal case, a real time visualization of the reactants, intermediates and reaction products on the surface of the catalyst is possible, allowing for a molecular movie of the catalytic reaction in space and time. Certain characterization techniques exist that are sensitive enough to measure the reactants at the reaction surface of the catalyst (e.g. vibrational spectroscopy). However, in order to really understand the catalytic behaviour, we need to move toward single molecules and atoms at the (sub-) nanometer scale. Improvements in this direction have already led to an increased understanding of the catalytic processes, but the combination of nanometer resolution in space and pico- to nanosecond resolution in time has remained largely elusive in the world of heterogeneous catalysis.
 In this lecture, I will discuss the state-of-the-art of time- and space-resolved spectroscopy and microscopy methods for catalysis research, and discuss the movement in the field toward the visualization of individual molecules at catalyst surfaces to construct the ultimate “molecular movie of sustainability” (Figure 1). Special emphasis will be on the compatibility of operando characterization techniques with the desired reaction environment (e.g. liquid or gas phase) and what we can do to ensure the spatiotemporal resolution is not hampered by the reaction requirements of the catalytic reactions. I will touch upon a variety of techniques, ranging from (time-resolved and surface-enhanced) vibrational spectroscopy, single molecule fluorescence, scanning probe techniques combined with optical and vibrational spectroscopy, as well as X-ray spectroscopy and microscopy.