לוח שנה משולב

Decoding during ribosomal translation occurs through complex and interdependent molecular recognition networks between mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Among those, the stability of codon-anticodon triplets, the fold of the tRNA anticodon hairpin, the modified nucleotides, and the interactions with rRNA bases at the decoding site cosntitute key contributors. On the basis of biochemical and genetic data in the literature, coupled with many crystal structures of fully active ribosomes, nucleotide modifications at positions 34 and 37 of the anticodon loop are now understood molecularly. Both pre-organize the anticodon loop for efficient mRNA binding. The modifications at 37 stabilize AU-rich codon-anticodon pairs and maintain the coding frame. The modifications at 34 help to avoid miscoding and allow to decode purine-ending codons in split codon boxes by promoting base pairing that can be accommodated within the structural constraints of the ribosomal grip at the decoding site.
Depending on the codon box, the tRNA modifications allow for diversity in codon usage depending on genomic GC content as well as on the number and types of isoacceptor tRNAs. Although universal, the genetic code is not translated identically and differences exist not only between organisms in the three kingdoms of life but also between cellular types. To decipher diversely but efficiently the genetic code, cells developed sophisticated arrays between tRNA pools and tRNA modifications, anchored in the cellular metabolic enzymatic pathways and guaranteeing protein homeostasis. Examples of mutations leading to specific human diseases in some of those enzymes will be described.

Probing the chemical reactions occurring at electrochemical and catalytic interfaces under realistic conditions is critical to selecting and designing improved materials for energy storage, corrosion prevention, and chemical production. Soft X-ray spectroscopies offer powerful element- and chemical-state-specific information with the required nm-scale interface sensitivity, but have traditionally required high vacuum conditions, impeding studies of interfaces under realistic liquid- and gas-phase environments.1
Here we introduce several membrane-based approaches developed in recent years in order to bridge this pressure gap, enabling operando x-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopy (XPS/XAS) of solid-liquid and solid-gas interfaces at atmospheric pressures.2–5 These rely on reaction cells sealed with X-ray/electron-transparent membranes, that can sustain large pressure drops to the high-vacuum measurement chamber.2,3 Thin (

The last five years have seen major reductions in silicon solar module prices, with these dropping at a compounded rate approaching 20%/year over this period, with even more dramatic reductions in bids for bulk electricity supply through Power Purchase Agreements, to values as low as US$16.88/MWh. On the technology front, there have been substantial improvements in module energy conversion efficiency through displacement of established cell technology by the UNSW-invented and -developed PERC cell, complemented by the introduction of multi-busbar, half-cell and shingled modules. The introduction of PERC cells also allows low-cost fabrication of bifacially responsive modules, set to further boost effective efficiencies. These developments position photovoltaics to make a major impact on global CO2 omissions. A recent international study describes a technological path to a zero-carbon future by 2050 by transformation across all major energy sectors including not only electricity, but also heat, transport and industrial processes. This transformation is driven primarily by solar, with 63TW capacity calculated as required globally by this date, complemented by 8TW of wind, in the process creating 35 million direct energy jobs.

It is a challenge to answer questions like: why some people develop a disease, react to a specific treatment and/or develop severe side-effects while others don’t. In order to explain these occurrences, one has to take a holistic approach and study the body physiology from a systems level perspective. Longitudinal multi-omics measurements together with genetics, on a large population, can serve such a purpose and help in predicting, reasoning, and preventing diseases.
In partnership with Arivale Inc., we have developed infrastructure to collect longitudinal Personalized Dense Dynamic Data clouds (PD3 clouds) on thousands of individuals, which include genetics and longitudinal measurements of clinical labs, microbiome, metabolome, proteome, and self-reported data.
The value of these extremely high-dimensional data clouds is clear; however, it also comprises a challenge in data analysis and interpretation.
One way to reduce data dimensionality is called Pareto Task Inference (PARTI, Hart et al. 2015). We used this method to analyze the clinical labs and found that the data falls on a significant tetrahedron. The 4 vertices are archetypes that specialize in a certain task. Using all other datatypes, we identified enriched traits next to every archetype and revealed the underline tradeoffs that shape the data.
This distinctive analysis uncovers unexpected relationships between datasets such as metabolomics, proteomics and clinical labs, and helps in interconnecting the different datatypes to characterize different states of human health.

Primates live in large and complex social groups. It has been argued that this has led to evolutionary pressure on the brain and that there are networks that have been evolved to play an important role in social cognition and behaviors. Social deficits are widely known in many brain disorders such as autism and anxiety. Here we focused on two brain areas that were shown to play a crucial role in social interactions – the amygdala and the anterior-cingulate-cortex (ACC). Our goal was to understand the neural codes in these two regions and especially under social interactions:
1. Computational techniques that allow the comparison of on-going neural activity across these brain regions and species based on information theory measures was developed. We found that human neurons better utilize information capacity (efficient coding) than macaque neurons in both regions, and that ACC neurons are more efficient than amygdala neurons, in both species. In contrast, we found more overlap in the neural vocabulary and more synchronized activity (robustness coding) in monkeys in both regions, and in the amygdala of both species. Our findings demonstrate a tradeoff between robustness and efficiency across species and regions. We suggest that this tradeoff can contribute to the differential cognitive functions between species, and can underlie the complementary roles of the amygdala and the ACC. It can also contribute to the fragility underlying human psychopathologies. For more, see https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867418316465
2. A novel electrophysiology experiment that induced real and live social interactions between humans and primates was conducted. In each daily session, we recorded neural responses in monkeys to the eye-gaze, direct or averted, of human intruders, and compared it with the responses to valence conditioning, aversive and appetitive. We found that the primate amygdala, but not the ACC, encodes eye-gaze; this coding is shared with valence coding through two mechanisms – “shared-activity” at the expectation epoch (conditioned stimulus, CS) and “shared-intensity” after the outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US). These shared mechanisms can open an indirect window for future therapy. For more, see https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/736462v1
3. We developed behavioral methods and algorithms to evaluate primates’ emotional states, using the analysis of facial expressions and a number of physiological parameters such as heart rate and respiratory rate. The primates’ emotional state evaluation will be the substrate for future studies that will investigate the neural correlates of these states.